Digital Communication Systems 1st c2014 -Simon Haykin..pdf

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Cover

Title Page

Preface

Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Historical Background

1.2 The Communication Process

1.3 Multiple-Access Techniques

1.4 Networks

1.5 Digital Communications

1.6 Organization of the Book

Notes

Chapter 2: Fourier Analysis of Signals and Systems

2.1 Introduction

2.2 The Fourier Series

2.3 The Fourier Transform

2.4 The Inverse Relationship between Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain Representations

2.5 The Dirac Delta Function

2.6 Fourier Transforms of Periodic Signals

2.7 Transmission of Signals through Linear Time-Invariant Systems

2.8 Hilbert Transform

2.9 Pre-envelopes

2.10 Complex Envelopes of Band-Pass Signals

2.11 Canonical Representation of Band-Pass Signals

2.12 Complex Low-Pass Representations of Band-Pass Systems

2.13 Putting the Complex Representations of Band-Pass Signals and Systems All Together

2.14 Linear Modulation Theory

2.15 Phase and Group Delays

2.16 Numerical Computation of the Fourier Transform

2.17 Summary and Discussion

Problems

Notes

Chapter 3: Probability Theory and Bayesian Inference

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Set Theory

3.3 Probability Theory

3.4 Random Variables

3.5 Distribution Functions

3.6 The Concept of Expectation

3.7 Second-Order Statistical Averages

3.8 Characteristic Function

3.9 The Gaussian Distribution

3.10 The Central Limit Theorem

3.11 Bayesian Inference

3.12 Parameter Estimation

3.13 Hypothesis Testing

3.14 Composite Hypothesis Testing

3.15 Summary and Discussion

Problems

Notes

Chapter 4: Stochastic Processes

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Mathematical Definition of a Stochastic Process

4.3 Two Classes of Stochastic Processes: Strictly Stationary and Weakly Stationary

4.4 Mean, Correlation, and Covariance Functions of Weakly Stationary Processes

4.5 Ergodic Processes

4.6 Transmission of a Weakly Stationary Process through a Linear Time-invariant Filter

4.7 Power Spectral Density of a Weakly Stationary Process

4.8 Another Definition of the Power Spectral Density

4.9 Cross-spectral Densities

4.10 The Poisson Process

4.11 The Gaussian Process

4.12 Noise

4.13 Narrowband Noise

4.14 Sine Wave Plus Narrowband Noise

4.15 Summary and Discussion

Problems

Notes

Chapter 5: Information Theory

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Entropy

5.3 Source-coding Theorem

5.4 Lossless Data Compression Algorithms

5.5 Discrete Memoryless Channels

5.6 Mutual Information

5.7 Channel Capacity

5.8 Channel-coding Theorem

5.9 Differential Entropy and Mutual Information for ContinuousRandom Ensembles

5.10 Information Capacity Law

5.11 Implications of the Information Capacity Law

5.12 Information Capacity of Colored Noisy Channel

5.13 Rate Distortion Theory

5.14 Summary and Discussion

Problems

Notes

Chapter 6: Conversion of Analog Waveforms into Coded Pulses

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Sampling Theory

6.3 Pulse-Amplitude Modulation

6.4 Quantization and its Statistical Characterization

6.5 Pulse-Code Modulation

6.6 Noise Considerations in PCM Systems

6.7 Prediction-Error Filtering for Redundancy Reduction

6.8 Differential Pulse-Code Modulation

6.9 Delta Modulation

6.10 Line Codes

6.11 Summary and Discussion

Problems

Notes

Chapter 7: Signaling over AWGN Channels

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Geometric Representation of Signals

7.3 Conversion of the Continuous AWGN Channel into a Vector Channel

7.4 Optimum Receivers Using Coherent Detection

7.5 Probability of Error

7.6 Phase-Shift Keying Techniques Using Coherent Detection

7.7 M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

7.8 Frequency-Shift Keying Techniques Using Coherent Detection

7.9 Comparison of M-ary PSK and M-ary FSK from an Information-Theoretic Viewpoint

7.10 Detection of Signals with Unknown Phase

7.11 Noncoherent Orthogonal Modulation Techniques

7.12 Binary Frequency-Shift Keying Using Noncoherent Detection

7.13 Differential Phase-Shift Keying

7.14 BER Comparison of Signaling Schemes over AWGN Channels

7.15 Synchronization

7.16 Recursive Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Synchronization

7.17 Summary and Discussion

Problems

Notes

Chapter 8: Signaling over Band-limited Channels

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Error Rate Due to Channel Noise in a Matched-Filter Receiver

8.3 Intersymbol Interference

8.4 Signal Design for Zero ISI

8.5 Ideal Nyquist Pulse for Distortionless BasebandData Transmission

8.6 Raised-Cosine Spectrum

8.7 Square-Root Raised-Cosine Spectrum

8.8 Post-Processing Techniques: The Eye Pattern

8.9 Adaptive Equalization

8.10 Broadband Backbone Data Network: Signaling over Multiple Baseband Channels

8.11 Digital Subscriber Lines

8.12 Capacity of AWGN Channel Revisited

8.13 Partitioning Continuous-Time Channel into a Set of Subchannels

8.14 Water-Filling Interpretation of the Constrained Optimization Problem

8.15 DMT System using Discrete Fourier Transform

8.16 Summary and Discussion

Problems

Notes

Chapter 9: Signaling over Fading Channels

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Propagation Effects

9.4 Statistical Characterization of Wideband Wireless Channels

9.5 FIR Modeling of Doubly Spread Channels

9.6 Comparison of Modulation Schemes: Effects of Flat Fading

9.7 Diversity Techniques

9.8 “Space Diversity-on-Receive” Systems

9.9 “Space Diversity-on-Transmit” Systems

9.10 “Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output” Systems: Basic Considerations

9.11 MIMO Capacity for Channel Known at the Receiver

9.12 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

9.13 Spread Spectrum Signals

9.14 Code-Division Multiple Access

9.15 The RAKE Receiver and Multipath Diversity

9.16 Summary and Discussion

Problems

Notes

Chapter 10: Error-Control Coding

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Error Control Using Forward Error Correction

10.3 Discrete Memoryless Channels

10.4 Linear Block Codes

10.5 Cyclic Codes

10.6 Convolutional Codes

10.7 Optimum Decoding of Convolutional Codes

10.8 Maximum Likelihood Decoding of Convolutional Codes

10.9 Maximum a Posteriori Probability Decoding ofConvolutional Codes

10.10 Illustrative Procedure for Map Decoding in the Log-Domain

10.11 New Generation of Probabilistic Compound Codes

10.12 Turbo Codes

10.13 EXIT Charts

10.14 Low-Density Parity-Check Codes

10.15 Trellis-Coded Modulation

10.16 Turbo Decoding of Serial Concatenated Codes

10.17 Summary and Discussion

Problems

Notes

Appendix A: Advanced Probabilistic Models

A.1 The Chi-Square Distribution

A.2 The Log-Normal Distribution

A.3 The Nakagami Distribution

Notes

Appendix B: Bounds on the Q-Function

Appendix C: Bessel Functions

C.1 Series Solution of Bessel’s Equation

C.2 Properties of the Bessel Function

C.3 Modified Bessel Function

Notes

Appendix D: Method of Lagrange Multipliers

D.1 Optimization Involving a Single Equality Constraint

Appendix E: Information Capacity of MIMO Channels

E.1 Log-Det Capacity Formula of MIMO Channels

E.2 MIMO Capacity for Channel Known at the Transmitter

Notes

Appendix F: Interleaving

F.1 Block Interleaving

F.2 Convolutional Interleaving

F.3 Random Interleaving

Notes

Appendix G: The Peak-Power Reduction Problemin OFDM

G.1 PAPR Properties of OFDM Signals

G.2 Maximum PAPR in OFDM Using M-ary PSK

G.3 Clipping-Filtering: A Technique for PAPR Reduction

Notes

Appendix H: Nonlinear Solid-State Power Amplifiers

H.1 Power Amplifier Nonlinearities

H.2 Nonlinear Modeling of Band-Pass Power Amplifiers

Notes

Appendix I: Monte Carlo Integration

Notes

Appendix J: Maximal-Length Sequences

J.1 Properties of Maximal-Length Sequences

J.2 Choosing a Maximal-Length Sequence

Notes

Appendix K: Mathematical Tables

Glossary

Conventions and Notations

Functions

Abbreviations

Bibliography

References

Further Reading

Index

Credits

d i g i t a l C o m m u n iCa t i o n s y s t e m s Input message sequence m π n Estimate of message vector m π π–1 π RSC encoder 1 RSC encoder 2 (a) La,1 Decoder 1 Extrinsic information 1 La,2 Decoder 2 Extrinsic information 2 (b) Lp(r(0)) Lp(z(1)) Lp(r(1)) Lp(z(2)) Lp(c(2)) c(0) c(1) t(1) c(2) t(2) r(0) z(1) r(1) z(2) r(2) Encoded output c Noisy channel output r simon Haykin

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Haykin_preface.fm Page ii Friday, January 11, 2013 6:01 PM ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER EDITORIAL ASSISTANT MARKETING MANAGER PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT SERVICES CREATIVE DIRECTOR COVER DESIGNER Cover Image: The figure on the cover, depicting the UMTS-turbo code, is adapted from the doctoral thesis of Dr. Liang Li, Department of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, United Kingdom, with the permission of Dr. Li, his Supervisor Dr. Robert Maunder, and Professor Lajos Hanzo; the figure also appears on page 654 of the book. Daniel Sayre Jessica Knecht Christopher Ruel Publishing Services Harry Nolan Kristine Carney This book was set in Times by Publishing Services and printed and bound by RRD Von Hoffmann. The cover was printed by RRD Von Hoffmann. This book is printed on acid free paper.  Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our company is built on a foundation of principles that include responsibility to the communities we serve and where we live and work. In 2008, we launched a Corporate Citizenship Initiative, a global effort to address the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges we face in our business. Among the issues we are addressing are carbon impact, paper specifications and procurement, ethical conduct within our business and among our vendors, and community and charitable support. For more information, please visit our website: www.wiley.com/go/ citizenship. Copyright  2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, website www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Evaluation copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review purposes only, for use in their courses during the next academic year. These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred to a third party. Upon completion of the review period, please return the evaluation copy to Wiley. Return instructions and a free of charge return mailing label are available at www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel. If you have chosen to adopt this textbook for use in your course, please accept this book as your complimentary desk copy. Outside of the United States, please contact your local sales representative. ISBN: 978-0-471-64735-5 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Haykin_preface.fm Page iii Friday, January 11, 2013 6:01 PM In loving memory of Vera

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Haykin_preface.fm Page v Friday, January 11, 2013 6:01 PM Preface The study of digital communications is an essential element of the undergraduate and postgraduate levels of present-day electrical and computer engineering programs. This book is appropriate for both levels. A Tour of the Book The introductory chapter is motivational, beginning with a brief history of digital communications, and continuing with sections on the communication process, digital communications, multiple-access and multiplexing techniques, and the Internet. Four themes organize the remaining nine chapters of the book. Theme 1 Mathematics of Digital Communications The first theme of the book provides a detailed exposé of the mathematical underpinnings of digital communications, with continuous mathematics aimed at the communication channel and interfering signals, and discrete mathematics aimed at the transmitter and receiver: Chapter 2, Fourier Analysis of Signals and Systems, lays down the fundamentals for the representation of signals and linear time-invariant systems, as well as analog modulation theory. Chapter 3, Probability Theory and Bayesian Inference, presents the underlying mathematics for dealing with uncertainty and the Bayesian paradigm for probabilistic reasoning. Chapter 4, Stochastic Processes, focuses on weakly or wide-sense stationary processes, their statistical properties, and their roles in formulating models for Poisson, Gaussian, Rayleigh, and Rician distributions. Chapter 5, Information Theory, presents the notions of entropy and mutual information for discrete as well continuous random variables, leading to Shannon’s celebrated theorems on source coding, channel coding, and information capacity, as well as rate-distortion theory. Theme 2 From Analog to Digital Communications The second theme of the book, covered in Chapter 6, describes how analog waveforms are transformed into coded pulses. It addresses the challenge of performing the transformation with robustness, bandwidth preservation, or minimal computational complexity. Theme 3 Signaling Techniques Three chapters address the third theme, each focusing on a specific form of channel impairment: In Chapter 7, Signaling over Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) Channels, the impairment is the unavoidable presence of channel noise, which is modeled as v

Haykin_preface.fm Page vi Friday, January 11, 2013 6:01 PM vi Preface additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). This model is well-suited for the signal- space diagram, which brings insight into the study of phase-shift keying (PSK), quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM), and frequency-shift keying (FSK) as different ways of accommodating the transmission and reception of binary data. In Chapter 8, Signaling over Band-Limited Channels, bandwidth limitation assumes center stage, with intersymbol interference (ISI) as the source of channel impairment. Chapter 9, Signaling over Fading Channels, focuses on fading channels in wireless communications and the practical challenges they present. The channel impairment here is attributed to the multipath phenomenon, so called because the transmitted signal reaches the receiver via a multiplicity of paths. Theme 4 Error-control Coding Chapter 10 addresses the practical issue of reliable communications. To this end, various techniques of the feedforward variety are derived therein, so as to satisfy Shannon’s celebrated coding theorem. Two families of error-correcting codes are studied in the chapter: Legacy (classic) codes, which embody linear block codes, cyclic codes, and convolutional codes. Although different in their structural compositions, they look to algebraic mathematics as the procedure for approaching the Shannon limit. Probabilistic compound codes, which embody turbo codes and low-density parity- check (LDPC) codes. What is remarkable about these two codes is that they both approach the Shannon limit with doable computational complexity in a way that was not feasible until 1993. The trick behind this powerful information-processing capability is the adoption of random codes, the origin of which could be traced to Shannon’s 1948 classic paper. Features of the Book Feature 1 Analog in Digital Communication When we think of digital communications, we must not overlook the fact that such a system is of a hybrid nature. The channel across which data are transmitted is analog, exemplified by traditional telephone and wireless channels, and many of the sources responsible for the generation of data (e.g., speech and video) are of an analog kind. Moreover, certain principles of analog modulation theory, namely double sideband- suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) and vestigial sideband (VSB) modulation schemes, include binary phase-shift keying (PSK) and offset QPSK as special cases, respectively. It is with these points in mind that Chapter 2 includes detailed discussion of communication channels as examples of linear systems, analog modulation theory, and phase and group delays. Feature 2 Hilbert Transform The Hilbert transform, discussed in Chapter 2, plays a key role in the complex representation of signals and systems, whereby a band-pass signal, formulated around a sinusoidal carrier, is transformed into an equivalent complex low-pass signal;

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