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2012 浙江杭州师范大学英语语言文学基础考研真题语言学方向试题（外国语言学及应用语言学专业考生选做） Part One Ⅰ. Define the following terms. (每小题 5 分，共 15 分) 1. 2. 3. semantic components reference categorization Ⅱ. True/ False decision. Write T for true and F for false. (每小题 1 分，共 15 分) ( ) Creativity refers to the fact that in all languages so far investigated one finds Phonetics means that the study of how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, 1) All languages have three major components: a sound system, a system of lexicogrammar and a system of semantics. 2) and perceived. It can be divided into three main fields of study------articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics and perceptual/ auditory phonetics. ( 3) A linguist needs to be able to know all languages if he wants to study linguistics. （） 4) two levels of structure or patterning. （） 5) Morpheme is both a grammatical concept and a semantic one. 6) Loanblend is a process in which part of the form is native and the rest has been borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed. 7) Linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of a particular language. ( In the classic semantic triangle, the symbol is directly to the referent. ( 9) Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the relationships between elements in sentence structures.( 10) In 1950s, Chomsky’s publication of Syntactic Structures (1957) helped to ignite the cognitive revolution. 11) Pragmatics is the study of meaning. ( 12)It is generally believed that modern linguistics is mostly descriptive, diachronic, and emphatic on writing. 13)There exist three approaches to the study of language and cognition. The conceptual approach is concerned with the patterns in which and the processes by which conceptual content is organized in language. 14) Metaphor involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the other. ( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ) ) 8) ) ) ( )

15) Our language can not be used to talk itself.( ) Ⅲ. Answer the questions. (每小题 10 分，共 20 分) 1.Does the traffic light system have duality? 2.What is sense? Ⅳ. Discuss . (每小题 15 分，共 30 分) 1.Conceptual meaning 2.Sense relations Part Two. 1.Fill in the blank in each of the statements with one word from the box: （20 points） raising view process gaps making learner s theory proceeds factors externa l referred attitud es course intern al think featur e output mental do self-correct The goal of explanation is to identify the ___3___ and ___4___ factors that The Description of L2 acquisition tries to find out what learners really___5___, The goals of SLA, then, are to describe how L2 acquisition ___1___ and to explain 1. this process and why some ___2___ seem to be better at it than others. 2. account for acquiring an L2. 3. as opposed towhat they ___6___ they do, when they try to learn an L2. 4. It is possible that ___7___ errors may actually help learners to learn when they ___8___ the errors they make. 5.Errors are a conspicuous ___9___ of learner language, ___10___ the important question of ‘Why do learners make errors?’. 6.The acquisition of a particular grammatical structure must be seen as a ___11___ involving transitional construction and follows a U-shaped ___12___ of development. 7.Systematic development of learner language reflects a ___13___ system of L2 knowledge. And this system is often ___14___ to as interlanguage. 8.To understand what is meant by interlanguage, we need to briefly consider behaviorist learning ___15___ and mentalist ___16___ of language learning. 9. The role of ___17___ in L2 acquisition serves a consciousness-raising function by helping learners to notice ___18____ in their interlanguage. 10. Social ___19___ influence interlaguage development via the impact they have on the ___20___that determine the kinds of language use learners engage in. II. Explain the following terms briefly. (30points)

1. learner language 2. target language 3. input 4. mistake 5. error 6. interlanguage 7. motivation 8. Negative transfer 9. overgenalization 10 .language aptitude III .Answer the following questions (20 points ) 1.What, according to Rod Ellis, are the four steps for carrying out Error Analysis? Explain each step briefly. 2.What is your understanding of the following short passage about the learning strategies of L2 acquisition? Language aptitude and motivation constitute general factors that influence the rate and level of L2 achievement. But how does their influence operate? One possibility is that they affect the nature and the frequency with which individual learners use learning strategies. 文学方向试题（英语语言文学专业考生选做） I. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. (30 分) _ , B. Massachusetts D. California B. 1620 D. 1789 1. The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, in 1607. A. Vermont C. Virginia 2.The Mayflower voyage was taken in . A. 1607 C. 1775 3.The first American writer was A. John Winthrop C. Anne Bradstreet 4.The best of the Puritan poets was A. William Bradford C. Anne Bradstreet 5. Thomas Paine wrote the following EXCEPT A. Common Sense B. William Bradford D. Captain John Smith B. John Winthrop D. Edward Taylor . . B. Autobiography .

D. The American Crisis C. The Rights of Man 6.The Declaration of Independence was signed on A. July 4, 1776 B. July 4, 1775 C. July 14, 1776 7. The most important document in the political history of the United States is D. July 14, 1783 . , which is also B. Washington Irving D. Nathaniel Hawthorne B. Washington Irving D. Bret Harte B. Stephen Crane D. Nathaniel Hawthorne B. Walt Whitman D. William Cullen Bryant B. The Declaration of Independence D. Common Sense a fine work of literature. A. The American Crisis C. The Rights of Man 8.has been called the “Father of American Poetry”. A. Edgar Allan Poe C. Philip Freneau 9.became known in Europe as “the American Walter Scott”. A. James Fenimore Cooper C. Herman Melville 10.was the first American naturalist. A. Theodore Dreiser C. Hamlin Garland 11.in the 1860s was the first American writer of local color to achieve wide popularity. A. Herman Melville C. James Fenimore Cooper 12.was the foremost novelist of the American Depression of the 1930s, whose masterpiece was a novel about the great “dust bowl” disaster in Oklahoma. A. Theodore Dreiser C. Thomas Wolfe 13. The Sound and the Fury is one of A. John Steinbeck C. E. E. Cummings 14.was the most joyful poet of the Lost Generation. In his poetry we can see the clear influence of the Cubist painters. A. Carl Sandburg C. E. E. Cummings 15.was considered the founder of psychological realism in America. His realism is known as “stream-of-consciousness” literature. A. O. Henry B. James Joyce C. Stephen Crane 16.The most striking feature of Beowulf is _____. A.the national epic of the Anglo-Saxon and English people B.alliteration C.humor D.satire 17.One of the distinct features of the Elizabethan time is _____. B. William Faulkner D. Ezra Pound B. Upton Sinclair D. John Steinbeck ’s “modernist” masterpieces. B. Robert Frost D. Ezra Pound D. Henry James

great writers period, _____ might be the B.pure romance of the modern A.the flourishing of the drama B.the popularity of the realistic novel C.the domination of the classical poetry D.the close-down of all the theatres 18.Which of the following is not John Milton's works? A.Paradise Lost B.Paradise Regained C. Samson Agonistes D.Othello 19.Thomas Hardy wrote novels of _____. A.psychoanalysis C.character and environment D. stream of consciousness 20. “My Last Duchess” is a poem that best exemplifies Robert Browning’s _____. A.sensitive ear for the sounds of the English language B.excellent choice of words C.mastering of the metrical devices D.use of the dramatic monologue 21.Among the greatest in radical experimentation of technical innovations in novel writing. A.Joseph Conrad B. D. H. Lawrence C.Virginia Woolf D.James Joyce 22. Shakespeare’s four great tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, _____ and _____. A. King Lear…Romeo and Juliet C. King John…Julius Caesar D. King John…The Merchant of Venice 23. The term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to name the work of the _____ century writers who wrote under the influence of _____. A.16th…Edmund Spenser B.17th…John Donne C.18th…Thomas Gray D.20th…John Ransom 24. The greatest English critical realist novelist was _____, who criticized the bourgeois civilization and showed the misery of the common people. A.Charles Dickens C.W.M. Thackeray 25. Which of the following is NOT true about The Canterbury Tales? A.It is written for the great part in heroic couplets. B.Chaucer chose a pilgrimage as the framework for the stories involved in it. C.It is written in the form of a dream vision. D.“The General Prologue” introduces the pilgrims and the time and occasion of the pilgrimage. 26. The Romantic Age began with the publication of The Lyrical Ballads which was written by_____. A. William Wordsworth C. Wordsworth and Coleridge D.Samuel Taylor Coleridge 27.Which of the following is Not Jane Austen’s usual theme?self-knowledge everyday life of rural upper class relationships between people women and marriage 28. _____ A.The Importance of Being Earnest B. Emily Bronte D.Charlotte Bronte is the only novel written by Oscar Wilde. B. King Lear…Macbeth B. Samuel Johnson

B.The Picture of Dorian Gray C.A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man D.The Picture of a Lady 29.Which was not one of Shelley’s lyrics on nature? A. “Ode to the West Wind” B.“To a Skylark” C.“The Cloud” D.“Ode to the Nightingale” 30. George Eliot was the pseudonym of _____. A. Mary Ann Evans C. Ellis Bell II. Please answer the following questions briefly. (20 分) D.Samuel Langhorne Clemens B.Mark Twin Please translate the following into Chinese and vice versa. (40 分) Why did Mark Twain define the period of the Civil War as a “Gilded Age”? What is “Naturalism” in literary creation? What is blank verse? Why is Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels ranked among the best novels of 1. 2. 3. 4. world literature? III. 1.The violence of breaking down the door seemed to fill this room with pervading dust. A thin, acrid pall as of the tomb seemed to lie everywhere upon this room decked and furnished as for a bridal: upon the valance curtains of faded rose color, upon the rose-shaded lights, upon the dressing table, upon the delicate array of crystal and the man's toilet things backed with tarnished silver, silver so tarnished that the monogram was obscured. Among them lay a collar and tie, as if they had just been removed, which, lifted, left upon the surface a pale crescent in the dust. Upon a chair hung the suit, carefully folded; beneath it the two mute shoes and the discarded socks. The man himself lay in the bed. For a long while we just stood there, looking down at the profound and fleshless grin. The body had apparently once lain in the attitude of an embrace, but now the long sleep that outlasts love, that conquers even the grimace of love, had cuckolded him. What was left of him, rotted beneath what was left of the nightshirt, had become inextricable from the bed in which he lay; and upon him and upon the pillow beside him lay that even coating of the patient and biding dust. Then we noticed that in the second pillow was the indentation of a head. One of us lifted something from it, and leaning forward, that faint and invisible dust dry and acrid in the nostrils, we saw a long strand of iron-gray hair. 2. 回顾柏拉图对人类道德状况的解释，我们已经了解到，他的出发点是独立于身体而存在的灵魂概念。在此状态中，灵魂理性部分和非理性部分之间有一种根本性的和谐，此时理性通过它对真理的知识而控制着精神和欲望。但是由于灵魂的非理性部分有着不完善的可能性，因此当它由于欲望而被较低级的领域所吸引，还拉上了精神和理性一起堕落时，就把这种可能性表现出来了。在进入身体时，灵魂各部分之间最初的和谐受到了进一步破坏，先前的知识被遗忘，而身体的惰性又阻碍了这一知识的恢复。

IV. Please make comments on any 3 of the following statements. (60 分) 1.The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn was praised by Hemingway as a book from which “all modern American literature comes from.” 2.Henry James called Emily Dickson’s poetry “the landscape of the soul.” 3.Paradise Lost was to “justify the ways of God to man”, i.e., to advocate submission to the Almighty. But after reading it one gets the impression that the main idea of the poem is a revolt against God’s authority. 4.When the doctors came they said she had died of heart disease---of joy that kills. ( from The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin ) 5.As a whole, The Waste Land gave a picture of the spiritual ruins in Europe shortly after the end of World War I. 6.At the end of Tess of the D’Urbervilles, the author writes sarcastically: “‘Justice’ was done, and the President of the Immortals (in Aeschylean phrase) had ended up his sport with Tess.”

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