WidebandBeamformingConceptsandTechniques.pdf 英文原版

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Wideband Beamforming

Contents

About the Series Editors

Preface

1 Introduction

1.1 Array Signal Processing

1.2 Narrowband Beamforming

1.3 Wideband Beamforming

1.4 Wideband Beam Steering

1.4.1 Beam Steering for Narrowband Arrays

1.4.2 Beam Steering for Wideband Arrays

1.4.3 A Unified Interpretation

1.5 Summary

2 Adaptive Wideband Beamforming

2.1 Reference Signal-Based Beamformer

2.1.1 Least Mean Square Algorithm

2.1.2 Normalized Least Mean Square Algorithm

2.1.3 Recursive Least Squares Algorithm

2.1.4 Comparison of Computational Complexities

2.1.5 Frequency-Domain and Subband Adaptive Algorithms

2.1.6 Simulations

2.2 Linearly Constrained Minimum Variance Beamforming

2.2.1 A Simple Formulation of Constraints

2.2.2 Optimum Solution to the LCMV Problem

2.2.3 Frost’s Algorithm for LCMV Beamforming

2.2.4 Simulations

2.3 Constraints Design for LCMV Beamforming

2.3.1 Eigenvector Constraint Design

2.3.2 Design Example

2.3.3 Application to Wideband DOA Estimation

2.4 Generalized Sidelobe Canceller

2.4.1 GSC Structure

2.4.2 GSC with Tapped Delay-Lines

2.4.3 Blocking Matrix Design

2.4.4 Simulations

2.5 Other Minimum Variance Beamformers

2.5.1 Soft Constrained Minimum Variance Beamformer

2.5.2 Correlation Constrained Minimum Variance Beamformer

2.6 Robust Adaptive Beamforming

2.6.1 Spatially Extended Constraints

2.6.2 Norm-Restrained Approaches

2.7 Summary

3 Subband Adaptive Beamforming

3.1 Fundamentals of Filter Banks

3.1.1 Basic Multirate Operations

3.1.2 Perfect Reconstruction Condition for Filter Banks

3.1.3 Oversampled Modulated Filter Banks

3.2 Subband Adaptive Filtering

3.3 General Subband Adaptive Beamforming

3.3.1 Reference Signal Based Beamformer

3.3.2 Generalized Sidelobe Canceller

3.3.3 Reconstruction of the Fullband Beamformer

3.3.4 Simulations

3.4 Subband Adaptive GSC

3.4.1 Structure

3.4.2 Analysis of the Computational Complexity

3.4.3 Reconstruction of the Fullband Beamformer

3.4.4 Simulations

3.5 Temporally/Spatially Subband-Selective Beamforming

3.5.1 Partially Adaptive GSC

3.5.2 Temporally/Spatially Subband-Selective Blocking Matrix

3.5.3 Temporally/Spatially Subband-Selective Transformation Matrix

3.5.4 Application to Subband Adaptive GSC

3.5.5 Extension to the General Subband Adaptive Beamforming Structure

3.5.6 Simulations

3.6 Frequency-Domain Adaptive Beamforming

3.6.1 Frequency-Domain Formulation

3.6.2 Constrained Frequency-Domain Adaptive Algorithm

3.6.3 Frequency-Domain GSC

3.6.4 Simulations

3.7 Transform-Domain Adaptive Beamforming

3.7.1 Transform-Domain GSC

3.7.2 Subband-Selective Transform-Domain GSC

3.7.3 Simulations

3.8 Summary

4 Design of Fixed Wideband Beamformers

4.1 Iterative Optimization

4.1.1 Traditional Methods

4.1.2 Convex Optimization

4.2 The Least Squares Approach

4.2.1 Standard Formulation

4.2.2 Constrained Least Squares

4.3 The Eigenfilter Approach

4.3.1 Standard Approach

4.3.2 Maximum Energy

4.3.3 Total Least Squares

4.4 Summary

5 Frequency Invariant Beamforming

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Design Based on Multi-Dimensional Inverse Fourier Transform

5.2.1 Continuous Sensor and Signals

5.2.2 Discrete Sensors and Signals

5.2.3 Design Examples

5.2.4 Further Generalization to the FIB Design

5.3 Subband Design of Frequency Invariant Beamformers

5.3.1 First Implementation

5.3.2 Second Implementation–Scaled Aperture

5.3.3 Design Examples

5.4 Frequency Invariant Beamforming for Circular Arrays

5.4.1 Phase Mode Processing

5.4.2 FIB Design

5.4.3 Design Example

5.5 Direct Optimization for Frequency Invariant Beamforming

5.5.1 Convex Optimization

5.5.2 Least Squares

5.5.3 Eigenfilter

5.6 Beamspace Adaptive Wideband Beamforming

5.6.1 Structure

5.6.2 Analysis of the Beamspace Adaptive Method

5.6.3 Design of Independent FIBs

5.6.4 Simulations

5.7 Summary

6 Blind Wideband Beamforming

6.1 Blind Source Separation

6.1.1 Introduction

6.1.2 A Blind Source Extraction Example

6.2 Blind Wideband Beamforming

6.3 Blind Beamforming Based on Frequency Invariant Transformation

6.3.1 Structure

6.3.2 The Algorithm

6.3.3 Simulations

6.4 Summary

7 Wideband Beamforming with Sensor Delay-Lines

7.1 Sensor Delay-Line Based Structures

7.1.1 Introduction

7.1.2 Wideband Response of the SDL-Based Structure

7.2 Frequency Invariant Beamforming

7.2.1 2-D Arrays

7.2.2 3-D Arrays

7.3 Adaptive Beamforming

7.3.1 Reference Signal Based Beamformer

7.3.2 Linearly Constrained Minimum Variance Beamformer

7.3.3 Discussions

7.3.4 Simulations

7.4 Beamspace Adaptive Beamforming

7.4.1 Structure

7.4.2 Simulations

7.5 Summary

8 Wideband Beamforming for Multipath Signals

8.1 The Wideband Multipath Problem

8.2 Approach Based on a Narrowband Beamformer

8.2.1 Structure

8.2.2 Simulations

8.3 Approach Based on Blind Source Separation

8.3.1 Structure

8.3.2 Simulations

8.4 MIMO System

8.4.1 Evolution to a MIMO System

8.4.2 MIMO Beamforming and Equalization

8.5 Summary

Appendix A: Matrix Approximation

Appendix B: Differentiation with Respect to a Vector

Appendix C: Genetic Algorithm

C.1 The Principle

C.1.1 Chromosome Representation

C.1.2 Parent Selection

C.1.3 Genetic Operation

C.1.4 Fitness Evaluation

C.1.5 Initialization

C.1.6 Termination

C.2 Design Example in Section 3.5.2

Bibliography

Index

http://freepdf-books.com

WIDEBAND BEAMFORMING http://freepdf-books.com

Wiley Series on Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Series Editors: Dr Xuemin (Sherman) Shen, University of Waterloo, Canada Dr Yi Pan, Georgia State University, USA The “Wiley Series on Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing” is a series of comprehensive, practical and timely books on wireless communication and network systems. The series focuses on topics ranging from wireless communication and coding theory to wireless applications and pervasive computing. The books provide engineers and other technical professionals, researchers, educators, and advanced students in these ﬁelds with invaluable insights into the latest developments and cutting-edge research. Other titles in the series: Misic and Misic: Wireless Personal Area Networks: Performance, Interconnection, and Security with IEEE 802.15.4, January 2008, 978-0-470-51847-2 Takagi and Walke: Spectrum Requirement Planning in Wireless Communications: Model and Methodology for IMT-Advanced, April 2008, 978-0-470-98647-9 P´erez-Font´an and Espi˜neira: Modeling the Wireless Propagation Channel: A simulation approach with MATLAB, August 2008, 978-0-470-72785-0 Ippolito: Satellite Communications Systems Engineering: Atmospheric Effects, Satellite Link Design and System Performance, August 2008, 978-0-470-72527-6 Lin and Sou: Charging for Mobile All-IP Telecommunications, September 2008, 978-0-470-77565-3 Myung and Goodman: Single Carrier FDMA: A New Air Interface for Long Term Evolution, October 2008, 978-0-470-72449-1 Wang, Kondi, Luthra and Ci: 4G Wireless Video Communications, April 2009, 978-0-470-77307-9 Cai, Shen and Mark: Multimedia Services in Wireless Internet: Modeling and Analysis, June 2009, 978-0-470-77065-8 Stojmenovic: Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks: Algorithms and Protocols for Scalable Coordination and Data Communication, February 2010, 978-0-470-17082-3 Liu and Weiss, Wideband Beamforming – Concepts and Techniques, March 2010, 978-0-470-71392-1 Riccharia and Westbrook, Satellite Systems for Personal Applications: Concepts and Technology, July 2010, 978-0-470-71428-7 Hart, Tao and Zhou: Mobile Multi-hop WiMAX: From Protocol to Performance, October 2010, 978-0-470-99399-6 Qian, Muller and Chen: Security in Wireless Networks and Systems, November 2010, 978-0-470-512128 http://freepdf-books.com

WIDEBAND BEAMFORMING CONCEPTS AND TECHNIQUES Wei Liu University of Shefﬁeld, UK Stephan Weiss University of Strathclyde, UK A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication http://freepdf-books.com

This edition ﬁrst published 2010  2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Registered ofﬁce John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial ofﬁces, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com. The right of the author to be identiﬁed as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Liu, Wei, 1974- Wideband beamforming : concepts and techniques / Wei Liu, Stephan Weiss. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-71392-1 (cloth) 1. Beamforming. 2. Antenna radiation patterns. 3. Adaptive antennas. 4. Adaptive signal processing. 5. Adaptive ﬁlters. 6. Broadband communication systems. I. Weiss, Stephan, 1968- II. Title. TK7871.67.A33L58 2010 621.382 2 – dc22 2009052109 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 9780470713921 (H/B) Typeset in 10/12 Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India. Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire. http://freepdf-books.com

In memory of my mother Wei Liu http://freepdf-books.com

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