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swat2009模型理论说明.pdf
SWAT: Theoretical Documentation
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
0.1 DEVELOPMENT OF SWAT
0.2 OVERVIEW OF SWAT
0.2.1 LAND PHASE OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
0.2.1.1 CLIMATE
0.2.1.2 HYDROLOGY
0.2.1.3 LAND COVER/PLANT GROWTH
0.2.1.4 EROSION
0.2.1.5 NUTRIENTS
0.2.1.6 PESTICIDES
0.2.1.7 MANAGEMENT
0.2.2 ROUTING PHASE OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
0.2.2.1 ROUTING IN THE MAIN CHANNEL OR REACH
0.2.2.2 ROUTING IN THE RESERVOIR
0.3 REFERENCES
SECTION 1: CLIMATE
CHAPTER 1- EQUATIONS: ENERGY
1:1.1 SUN-EARTH RELATIONSHIPS
1:1.1.1 DISTANCE BETWEEN EARTH AND SUN
1:1.1.2 SOLAR DECLINATION
1:1.1.3 SOLAR NOON, SUNRISE, SUNSET AND DAYLENGTH
1:1.2 SOLAR RADIATION
1:1.2.1 EXTRATERRESTRIAL RADIATION
1:1.2.2 SOLAR RADIATION UNDER CLOUDLESS SKIES
1:1.2.3 DAILY SOLAR RADIATION
1:1.2.4 HOURLY SOLAR RADIATION
1:1.2.5 DAILY NET RADIATION
1:1.2.5.1 NET SHORT-WAVE RADIATION
1:1.2.5.2 NET LONG-WAVE RADIATION
1:1.3 TEMPERATURE
1:1.3.1 DAILY AIR TEMPERATURE
1:1.3.2 HOURLY AIR TEMPERATURE
1:1.3.3 SOIL TEMPERATURE
1:1.3.4 WATER TEMPERATURE
1:1.4 WIND SPEED
1:1.5 NOMENCLATURE
1:1.6 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2- EQUATIONS: ATMOSPHERIC WATER
1:2.1 PRECIPITATION
1:2.2 MAXIMUM HALF-HOUR RAINFALL
1:2.3 WATER VAPOR
1:2.4 SNOW COVER
1:2.5 SNOW MELT
1:2.5.1 SNOW PACK TEMPERATURE
1:2.5.2 SNOW MELT EQUATION
1:2.6 NOMENCLATURE
1:2.7 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 3- EQUATIONS: WEATHER GENERATOR
1:3.1 PRECIPITATION
1:3.1.1 OCCURRENCE OF WET OR DRY DAY
1:3.1.2 AMOUNT OF PRECIPITATION
1:3.2 MAXIMUM HALF-HOUR RAINFALL
1:3.2.1 MONTHLY MAXIMUM HALF-HOUR RAIN
1:3.2.2 DAILY MAXIMUM HALF-HOUR RAIN VALUE
1:3.3 DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL WITHIN DAY
1:3.3.1 NORMALIZED INTENSITY DISTRIBUTION
1:3.3.2 GENERATED TIME TO PEAK INTENSITY
1:3.3.3 TOTAL RAINFALL AND DURATION
1:3.4 SOLAR RADIATION & TEMPERATURE
1:3.4.1 DAILY RESIDUALS
1:3.4.2 GENERATED VALUES
1:3.4.3 ADJUSTMENT FOR CLEAR/OVERCAST CONDITIONS
1:3.4.3.1 MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE
1:3.4.3.2 SOLAR RADIATION
1:3.5 RELATIVE HUMIDITY
1:3.5.1 MEAN MONTHLY RELATIVE HUMIDITY
1:3.5.2 GENERATED DAILY VALUE
1:3.5.3 ADJUSTMENT FOR CLEAR/OVERCAST CONDITIONS
1:3.6 WIND SPEED
1:3.7 NOMENCLATURE
1:3.8 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 4- EQUATIONS: CLIMATE CUSTOMIZATION
1:4.1 ELEVATION BANDS
1:4.2 CLIMATE CHANGE
1:4.3 WEATHER FORECAST INCORPORATION
1:4.4 NOMENCLATURE
SECTION 2: HYDROLOGY
CHAPTER 1- EQUATIONS: SURFACE RUNOFF
2:1.1 RUNOFF VOLUME:SCS CURVE NUMBER PROCEDURE
2:1.1.1 SCS CURVE NUMBER
2:1.1.1.1 SOIL HYDROLOGIC GROUPS
2:1.1.1.2 ANTECEDENT SOIL MOISTURE CONDITION
2:1.1.1.3 RETENTION PARAMETER
2:1.1.1.4 SLOPE ADJUSTMENTS
2:1.2 RUNOFF VOLUME:GREEN & AMPT INFILTRATION METHOD
2:1.3 PEAK RUNOFF RATE
2:1.3.1 TIME OF CONCENTRATION
2:1.3.1.1 OVERLAND FLOW TIME OF CONCENTRATION
2:1.3.1.2 CHANNEL FLOW TIME OF CONCENTRATION
2:1.3.2 RUNOFF COEFFICIENT
2:1.3.3 RAINFALL INTENSITY
2:1.3.4 MODIFIED RATIONAL FORMULA
2:1.4 SURFACE RUNOFF LAG
2:1.5 TRANSMISSION LOSSES
2:1.6 NOMENCLATURE
2:1.7 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2-EQUATIONS: EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
2:2.1 CANOPY STORAGE
2:2.2 POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
2:2.2.1 PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD
2:2.2.1.1 SOIL HEAT FLUX
2:2.2.1.2 AERODYNAMIC RESISTANCE
2:2.2.1.3 CANOPY RESISTANCE
2:2.2.1.4 COMBINED TERM
2:2.2.2 PRIESTLEY-TAYLOR METHOD
2:2.2.3 HARGREAVES METHOD
2:2.3 ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
2:2.3.1 EVAPORATION OF INTERCEPTED RAINFALL
2:2.3.2 TRANSPIRATION
2:2.3.3 SUBLIMATION AND EVAPORATION FROM THE SOIL
2:2.3.3.1 SUBLIMATION
2:2.3.3.2 SOIL WATER EVAPORATION
2:2.4 NOMENCLATURE
2:2.5 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 3-EQUATIONS: SOIL WATER
2:3.1 SOIL STRUCTURE
2:3.2 PERCOLATION
2:3.3 BYPASS FLOW
2:3.4 PERCHED WATER TABLE
2:3.5 LATERAL FLOW
2:3.5.1 LATERAL FLOW LAG
2:3.6 NOMENCLATURE
2:3.7 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 4- EQUATIONS: GROUNDWATER
2:4.1 GROUNDWATER SYSTEMS
2:4.2 SHALLOW AQUIFER
2:4.2.1 RECHARGE
2:4.2.2 PARTITIONING OF RECHARGE BETWEEN SHALLOWAND DEEP AQUIFER
2:4.2.3 GROUNDWATER/BASE FLOW
2:4.2.4 REVAP
2:4.2.5 PUMPING
2:4.2.6 GROUNDWATER HEIGHT
2:4.3 DEEP AQUIFER
2:4.4 NOMENCLATURE
2:4.5 REFERENCES
SECTION 3: NUTRIENTS & PESTICIDES
CHAPTER 1 EQUATIONS: NITROGEN
3:1.1 NITROGEN CYCLE IN THE SOIL
3:1.1.1 INITIALIZATION OF SOIL NITROGEN LEVELS
3:1.2 MINERALIZATION & DECOMPOSITION/ IMMOBILIZATION
3:1.2.1 HUMUS MINERALIZATION
3:1.2.2 RESIDUE DECOMPOSITION & MINERALIZATION
3:1.3 NITRIFICATION &AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION
3:1.4 DENITRIFICATION
3:1.5 ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION
3:1.5.1 NITROGEN IN RAINFALL
3.1.5.2 NITROGEN DRY DEPOSITION
3:1.6 FIXATION
3:1.7 UPWARD MOVEMENT OF NITRATE IN WATER
3:1.8 LEACHING
3:1.9 NITRATE IN THE SHALLOW AQUIFER
3:1.10 NOMENCLATURE
3:1.11 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2 EQUATIONS: PHOSPHORUS
3:2.1 PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
3:2.1.1 INITIALIZATION OF SOIL PHOSPHORUS LEVELS
3:2.2 MINERALIZATION & DECOMPOSITION/ IMMOBILIZATION
3:2.2.1 HUMUS MINERALIZATION
3:2.2.2 RESIDUE DECOMPOSITION & MINERALIZATION
3:2.3 SORPTION OF INORGANIC P
3:2.4 LEACHING
3:2.5 PHOSPHORUS IN THE SHALLOW AQUIFER
3:2.6 NOMENCLATURE
3:2.7 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 3 EQUATIONS: PESTICIDES
3:3.1 WASH-OFF
3:3.2 DEGRADATION
3:3.3 LEACHING
3:3.4 NOMENCLATURE
3:3.5 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 4 EQUATIONS: BACTERIA
3:4.1 WASH-OFF
3:4.2 BACTERIA DIE-OFF/RE-GROWTH
3:4.3 LEACHING
3:4.4 NOMENCLATURE
3:4.5 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 5 EQUATIONS: CARBON
3:5.1 SUB-MODEL DESCRIPTION
3:5.2 CHANGES FROM PREVIOUS VERSION
3:5.3 ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS
3:5.4 NOMENCLATURE
3:5.5 REFERENCES
SECTION 4: EROSION
CHAPTER 1 EQUATIONS: SEDIMENT
4:1.1 MUSLE
4:1.1.1 SOIL ERODIBILITY FACTOR
4:1.1.2 COVER AND MANAGEMENT FACTOR
4:1.1.3 SUPPORT PRACTICE FACTOR
4:1.1.4 TOPOGRAPHIC FACTOR
4:1.1.5 COARSE FRAGMENT FACTOR
4:1.2 USLE
4:1.2.1 RAINFALL ERODIBILITY INDEX
4:1.3 SNOW COVER EFFECTS
4:1.4 SEDIMENT LAG IN SURFACE RUNOFF
4:1.5 SEDIMENT INLATERAL & GROUNDWATER FLOW
4:1.6 NOMENCLATURE
4:1.7 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2 EQUATIONS: NUTRIENT TRANSPORT
4:2.1 NITRATE MOVEMENT
4:2.2 ORGANIC N IN SURFACE RUNOFF
4:2.2.1 ENRICHMENT RATIO
4:2.3 SOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS MOVEMENT
4:2.4 ORGANIC & MINERAL P ATTACHED TOSEDIMENT IN SURFACE RUNOFF
4:2.4.1 ENRICHMENT RATIO
4:2.5 NUTRIENT LAG INSURFACE RUNOFF AND LATERAL FLOW
4:2.6 NOMENCLATURE
4:2.7 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 3 EQUATIONS: PESTICIDE TRANSPORT
4:3.1 PHASE DISTRIBUTION OF PESTICIDE
4:3.2 MOVEMENT OF SOLUBLE PESTICIDE
4:3.3 TRANSPORT OF SORBED PESTICIDE
4:3.3.1 ENRICHMENT RATIO
4:3.4 PESTICIDE LAG INSURFACE RUNOFF AND LATERAL FLOW
4:3.5 NOMENCLATURE
4:3.6 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 4- EQUATIONS: BACTERIA TRANSPORT
4:4.1 BACTERIA IN SURFACE RUNOFF
4:4.2 BACTERIA ATTACHED TOSEDIMENT IN SURFACE RUNOFF
4:4.2.1 ENRICHMENT RATIO
4:4.3 BACTERIA LAG IN SURFACE RUNOFF
4:4.4 NOMENCLATURE
CHAPTER 5- EQUATIONS: WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
4:5.1 ALGAE
4:5.2 CARBONACEOUSBIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
4:5.2.1 ENRICHMENT RATIO
4:5.3 DISSOLVED OXYGEN
4:5.3.1 OXYGEN SATURATION CONCENTRATION
4:5.4 NOMENCLATURE
4:5.5 REFERENCES
SECTION 5: LAND COVER & PLANT
CHAPTER 1- EQUATIONS: GROWTH CYCLE
5:1.1 HEAT UNITS
5:1.1.1 HEAT UNIT SCHEDULING
5:1.2 DORMANCY
5:1.3 PLANT TYPES
5:1.4 NOMENCLATURE
5:1.5 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2- EQUATIONS: OPTIMAL GROWTH
5:2.1 POTENTIAL GROWTH
5:2.1.1 BIOMASS PRODUCTION
5:2.1.1.1 IMPACT OF CLIMATE ON RADIATION-USE EFFICIENCY
5:2.1.1.2 MODIFICATION OF BIOMASS CALCULATION FOR TREES
5:2.1.2 CANOPY COVER AND HEIGHT
5:2.1.3 ROOT DEVELOPMENT
5:2.1.4 MATURITY
5:2.2 WATER UPTAKE BY PLANTS
5:2.2.1 IMPACT OF LOW SOIL WATER CONTENT
5:2.2.2 ACTUAL WATER UPTAKE
5:2.3 NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY PLANTS
5:2.3.1 NITROGEN UPTAKE
5:2.3.1.1 NITROGEN FIXATION
5:2.3.2 PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE
5:2.4 CROP YIELD
5:2.5 NOMENCLATURE
5:2.6 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 3-EQUATIONS: ACTUAL GROWTH
5:3.1 GROWTH CONSTRAINTS
5:3.1.1 WATER STRESS
5:3.1.2 TEMPERATURE STRESS
5:3.1.3 NITROGEN STRESS
5:3.1.4 PHOSPHORUS STRESS
5:3.2 ACTUAL GROWTH
5:3.2.1 BIOMASS OVERRIDE
5:3.3 ACTUAL YIELD
5:3.3.1 HARVEST INDEX OVERRIDE
5:3.3.2 HARVEST EFFICIENCY
5:3.4 NOMENCLATURE
SECTION 6: MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
CHAPTER 1-EQUATIONS: GENERAL MANAGEMENT
6:1.1 PLANTING/BEGINNING OF GROWING SEASON
6:1.2 HARVEST OPERATION
6:1.3 GRAZING OPERATION
6:1.4 HARVEST & KILL OPERATION
6:1.5 KILL/END OF GROWING SEASON
6:1.6 TILLAGE
6:1.6.1 BIOLOGICAL MIXING
6:1.7 FERTILIZER APPLICATION
6:1.8 AUTO-APPLICATION OF FERTILIZER
6:1.9 CONTINUOUS APPLICATION OF FERTILIZER
6:1.10 PESTICIDE APPLICATION
6:1.11 NOMENCLATURE
6:1.12 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2-EQUATIONS: WATER MANAGEMENT
6:2.1 IRRIGATION
6:2.1.1 MANUAL APPLICATION OF IRRIGATION
6:2.1.2 AUTO-APPLICATION OF IRRIGATION
6:2.2 TILE DRAINAGE
6:2.3 IMPOUNDED/DEPRESSIONAL AREAS
6:2.4 WATER TRANSFER
6:2.5 CONSUMPTIVE WATER USE
6:2.6 POINT SOURCE LOADINGS
6:2.7 NOMENCLATURE
CHAPTER 3-EQUATIONS: URBAN AREAS
6:3.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN AREAS
6:3.2 SURFACE RUNOFF FROM URBAN AREAS
6:3.3 USGS REGRESSION EQUATIONS
6:3.4 BUILD UP/WASH OFF
6:3.4.1 STREET CLEANING
6:3.5 NOMENCLATURE
6:3.6 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 4-EQUATIONS: SEPTIC SYSTEMS
6:4.1 BIOZONE ALGORITHM
6:4.1.1 BUILDUP OF LIVE BACTERIAL BIOMASS
6:4.1.2 FATE AND TRANSPORT OF BACTERIAL BIOMASS
6:4.1.3 FIELD CAPACITY
6:4.1.4 CLOGGING EFFECT ON HYDRAULICCONDUCTIVITY
6:4.1.5 SOIL MOISTURE AND PERCOLATION
6:4.1.6 NITROGEN, BOD, FECAL COLIFORM
6:4.1.7 PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL
6:4.1.8 MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
6:4.2 INTEGRATION OF BIOZONE ALGORITHM
6:4.2.1 SIMULATING ACTIVE AND FAILING SYSTEMS
6:4.3 NOMENCLATURE
6:4.4 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 5-EQUATIONS: FILTER STRIPS ANDGRASSED WATERWAYS
6:5.1 FILTER STRIPS
6:5.1.1 EMPIRICAL MODEL DEVELOPMENT
6:5.1.2 SEDIMENT REDUCTION MODEL
6:5.1.3 NUTRIENT REDUCTION MODELS
6:5.1.3.1 TOTAL NITROGEN
6:5.1.3.2 NITRATE NITROGEN
6:5.1.3.3 TOTAL PHOSPHORUS
6:5.1.3.4 SOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS
6:5.1.4 VFS SWAT MODEL STRUCTURE
6:5.2 GRASSED WATERWAYS
6:5.3 NOMENCLATURE
6:5.4 REFERENCES
SECTION 7: MAIN CHANNEL PROCESSES
CHAPTER 1-EQUATIONS: WATER ROUTING
7:1.1 CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS
7:1.2 FLOW RATE AND VELOCITY
7:1.3 VARIABLE STORAGE ROUTING METHOD
7:1.4 MUSKINGUM ROUTING METHOD
7:1.5 TRANSMISSION LOSSES
7:1.6 EVAPORATION LOSSES
7:1.7 BANK STORAGE
7:1.8 CHANNEL WATER BALANCE
7:1.9 NOMENCLATURE
7:1.10 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2-EQUATIONS: SEDIMENT ROUTING
7:2.1 LANDSCAPE CONTRIBUTION TO SUBBASINROUTING REACH
7:2.2 SEDIMENT ROUTING IN STREAM CHANNELS
7:2.2.1 SIMPLIFIED BAGNOLD EQUATION (DEFAULT METHOD)
7:2.2.2 PHYSICS BASED APPROACH FOR CHANNEL EROSION
7:2.3 CHANNEL ERODIBILITY FACTOR
7:2.4 CHANNEL COVER FACTOR
7:2.5 CHANNEL DOWNCUTTING AND WIDENING
7:4.6 NOMENCLATURE
7:2.7 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 3-EQUATIONS: IN-STREAM NUTRIENT PROCESSES
7:3.1 ALGAE
7:3.1.1 CHLOROPHYLL a
7:3.1.2 ALGAL GROWTH
7:3.1.2.1 LOCAL SPECIFIC GROWTH RATE OF ALGAE
7:3.1.2.2 LOCAL RESPIRATION RATE OF ALGAE
7:3.1.2.3 LOCAL SETTLING RATE OF ALGAE
7:3.2 NITROGEN CYCLE
7:3.2.1 ORGANIC NITROGEN
7:3.2.2 AMMONIUM
7:3.2.3 NITRITE
7:3.2.4 NITRATE
7:3.3 PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
7:3.3.1 ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS
7:3.3.2 INORGANIC/SOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS
7:3.4 CARBONACEOUSBIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
7:3.5 OXYGEN
7:3.5.1 OXYGEN SATURATION CONCENTRATION
7:3.5.2 REAERATION
7:3.5.2.1 REAERATION BY FICKIAN DIFFUSION
7:3.5.2.2 REAERATION BY TURBULENT FLOW OVER A DAM
7:3.6 NOMENCLATURE
7:3.7 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 4-EQUATIONS: IN-STREAM PESTICIDE TRANSFORMATIONS
7:4.1 PESTICIDE IN THE WATER
7:4.1.1 SOLID-LIQUID PARTITIONING
7:4.1.2 DEGRADATION
7:4.1.3 VOLATILIZATION
7:4.1.4 SETTLING
7:4.1.5 OUTFLOW
7:4.2 PESTICIDE IN THE SEDIMENT
7:4.2.1 SOLID-LIQUID PARTITIONING
7:4.2.2 DEGRADATION
7:4.2.3 RESUSPENSION
7:4.2.4 DIFFUSION
7:4.2.5 BURIAL
7:4.3 MASS BALANCE
7:3.4 NOMENCLATURE
7:4.5 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 5-EQUATIONS: BACTERIA ROUTING
7:5.1 BACTERIA DECAY
7:5.2 BACTERIA SEDIMENT
7:5.3 NOMENCLATURE
7:5.4 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 6-EQUATIONS: HEAVY METAL ROUTING
SECTION 8: WATER BODIES
CHAPTER 1-EQUATIONS: IMPOUNDMENTWATER ROUTING
8:1.1 RESERVOIRS
8:1.1.1 SURFACE AREA
8:1.1.2 PRECIPITATION
8:1.1.3 EVAPORATION
8:1.1.4 SEEPAGE
8:1.1.5 OUTFLOW
8:1.1.5.1 MEASURED DAILY OUTFLOW
8:1.1.5.2 MEASURED MONTHLY OUTFLOW
8:1.1.5.3 AVERAGE ANNUAL RELEASE RATEFOR UNCONTROLLED RESERVOIR
8:1.1.5.4 TARGET RELEASE FOR CONTROLLED RESERVOIR
8:1.2 PONDS/WETLANDS
8:1.2.1 SURFACE AREA
8:1.2.2 PRECIPITATION
8:1.2.3 INFLOW
8:1.2.4 EVAPORATION
8:1.2.5 SEEPAGE
8:1.2.6 OUTFLOW
8:1.2.6.1 POND OUTFLOW
8:1.2.6.2 WETLAND OUTFLOW
8:1.3 DEPRESSIONS/POTHOLES
8:1.3.1 SURFACE AREA
8:1.3.2 PRECIPITATION
8:1.3.3 INFLOW
8:1.3.4 EVAPORATION
8:1.3.5 SEEPAGE
8:1.3.6 OUTFLOW
8:1.3.6.1 OVERFLOW
8:1.3.6.2 RELEASE OPERATION
8:1.3.6.3 TILE FLOW
8:1.4 NOMENCLATURE
8:1.5 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2-EQUATIONS: SEDIMENT IN WATER BODIES
8:2.1 MASS BALANCE
8:2.2 SETTLING
8:2.3 SEDIMENT OUTFLOW
8:2.4 NOMENCLATURE
8:2.5 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 3-EQUATIONS: NUTRIENTS IN WATER BODIES
8:3.1 NUTRIENT TRANSFORMATIONS
8:3.2 TOTAL BALANCE
8:3.3 EUTROPHICATION
8:3.3.1 PHOSPHORUS/CHLOROPHYLL a CORRELATIONS
8:3.3.2 CHLOROPHYLL a/SECCHI-DISK DEPTH CORRELATION
8:3.4 NOMENCLATURE
8:3.5 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 4-EQUATIONS: PESTICIDES IN WATER BODIES
8:4.1 PESTICIDE IN THE WATER
8:4.1.1 SOLID-LIQUID PARTITIONING
8:4.1.2 DEGRADATION
8:4.1.3 VOLATILIZATION
8:4.1.4 SETTLING
8:4.1.5 OUTFLOW
8:4.2 PESTICIDE IN THE SEDIMENT
8:4.2.1 SOLID-LIQUID PARTITIONING
8:4.2.2 DEGRADATION
8:4.2.3 RESUSPENSION
8:4.2.4 DIFFUSION
8:4.2.5 BURIAL
8:4.3 MASS BALANCE
8:4.4 NOMENCLATURE
8:4.5 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 5-EQUATIONS: BACTERIA IN WATER BODIES
8:5.1 BACTERIA DECAY
8:5.2 NOMENCLATURE
8:5.3 REFERENCES
APPENDIX A: LIST OF VARIABLES
APPENDIX B: REFERENCES
Soil & Water
Assessment Tool
Theoretical Documentation
Version 2009
TR-406
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AND LIFE SCIENCES
TR-406
2011
Soil and Water Assessment Tool
Theoretical Documentation
Version 2009
By
S.L. Neitsch, J.G. Arnold, J.R. Kiniry, J.R. Williams
Grassland, Soil and Water Research Laboratory – Agricultural Research Service
Blackland Research Center – Texas AgriLife Research
September 2011
Texas Water Resources Institute Technical Report No. 406
Texas A&M University System
College Station, Texas 77843-2118
SOIL AND WATER
ASSESSMENT TOOL
THEORETICAL
DOCUMENTATION
VERSION 2009
S.L. NEITSCH, J.G. ARNOLD, J.R. KINIRY, J.R. WILLIAMS
AUGUST, 2009
GRASSLAND, SOIL AND WATER RESEARCH LABORATORY ○ AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE
808 EAST BLACKLAND ROAD ○ TEMPLE, TEXAS 76502
BLACKLAND RESEARCH CENTER ○ TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
720 EAST BLACKLAND ROAD ○ TEMPLE, TEXAS 76502
TR-406
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The SWAT model is a continuation of thirty years of non-point source modeling. In addition to
the Agricultural Research Service and Texas A&M University, several federal agencies
including the US Environmental Protection Agency, Natural Resources Conservation Service,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Bureau of Indian Affairs have
contributed to the model. We also want to thank all the state environmental agencies (with
special thanks to Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources), state NRCS offices (with special
thanks to the Texas State Office), numerous universities in the United States and abroad, and
consultants who contributed to all aspects of the model. We appreciate your contributions and
look forward to continued collaboration.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
0.1 DEVELOPMENT OF SWAT
0.2 OVERVIEW OF SWAT
0.3 REFERENCES
LAND PHASE OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
ROUTING PHASE OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
SECTION 1: CLIMATE
DISTANCE BETWEEN EARTH AND SUN
SOLAR DECLINATION
SOLAR NOON, SUNRISE, SUNSET, AND DAYLENGTH
CHAPTER 1:1
EQUATIONS: ENERGY
1:1.1 SUN-EARTH RELATIONSHIPS
1:1.2 SOLAR RADIATION
1:1.3 TEMPERATURE
EXTRATERRESTRIAL RADIATION
SOLAR RADIATION UNDER CLOUDLESS SKIES
DAILY SOLAR RADIATION
HOURLY SOLAR RADIATION
DAILY NET RADIATION
DAILY AIR TEMPERATURE
1
3
6
9
21
24
29
30
30
30
31
32
32
34
34
35
36
39
39
HOURLY AIR TEMPERATURE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
WATER TEMPERATURE
1:1.4 WIND SPEED
1:1.5 NOMENCLATURE
1:1.6 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 1:2
EQUATIONS: ATMOSPHERIC WATER
1:2.1 PRECIPITATION
1:2.2 MAXIMUM HALF-HOUR RAINFALL
1:2.3 WATER VAPOR
1:2.4 SNOW COVER
1:2.5 SNOW MELT
SNOW PACK TEMPERATURE
SNOW MELT EQUATION
1:2.6 NOMENCLATURE
1:2.7 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 1:3
EQUATIONS: WEATHER GENERATOR
1:3.1 PRECIPITATION
1:3.2 MAXIMUM HALF-HOUR RAINFALL
MONTHLY MAXIMUM HALF-HOUR RAIN
DAILY MAXIMUM HALF-HOUR RAIN VALUE
1:3.3 DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL WITHIN DAY
1:3.4 SOLAR RADIATION & TEMPERATURE
1:3.5 RELATIVE HUMIDITY
DAILY RESIDUALS
GENERATED VALUES
ADJUSTMENT FOR CLEAR/OVERCAST CONDITIONS
NORMALIZED INTENSITY DISTRIBUTION
GENERATED TIME TO PEAK INTENSITY
TOTAL RAINFALL AND DURATION
MEAN MONTHLY RELATIVE HUMIDITY
GENERATED DAILY VALUE
OCCURRENCE OF WET OR DRY DAY
AMOUNT OF PRECIPITATION
40
40
45
46
47
49
51
52
53
53
56
59
59
60
61
62
65
66
66
67
68
68
69
71
71
73
74
76
76
78
79
81
81
82
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