2009年中国矿业大学考博英语真题.doc

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Part One: cloze (15 points)

Part Two: Reading Comprehension (40 points)

Part Three Vocabulary and Structure (15 points)

Part Four Translation (20 points)

Part Five Writing (10 points)

2009 年中国矿业大学考博英语真题提示：写在答题纸上，写在试卷上无效。 Part One: cloze (15 points) Directions: Fill each of the blanks in the passage with one suitable word. (1) (4) (2) (3) the problem is, however, this is not as easy Solving a problem can be broken into several steps. First, the problem must be identified correctly. Psychologists refer this step as problem representation. For many problems, figuring which information is relevant and which is extraneous can be difficult and can interfere arriving at a good solution. Clearly, before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious it might seem. One obstacle to efficient problem representation is functional fixedness, that is, allowing preconceived notions and even prejudices to color the facts. Moat people tend see objects and events in certain fixed ways, and by being inflexible in viewing the problem, they may be unable to notice the tools the solution. Once the problem is identified accurately, considering the alternatives for a solution. (8) A common way to evaluate alternatives is to write them (11) advantages and disadvantages for each solution. Here again, people may be limited by prior lead them to the same problem-solving experiences. Often people adopt mental sets the past. Although that can be helpful strategies that were successful for problems most the time, sometimes anew situation requires a different strategy. (15) that case, the mental set must be abandoned, and new alternatives must be explored. , the second step consists (10) and then make a list (7) (9) (5) (6) (14) (12) (13) Part Two: Reading Comprehension (40 points) Passage One Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage. Many of the most flexible examples of tool use in animals come from primates (the order that includes humans, apes, and monkeys). For example, many wild primates use objects to threaten outsiders. But there are many examples of tool use by other mammals, as well as by birds and other types of animals. Tools are used by many species in the capture or preparation of food. Chimpanzees use sticks and poles to bring out ants and termites from their hiding places. Among the most complex tool use observed in the wild is the use of stones by Ivory Coast chimpanzees to crack nuts open. They select a large flat stone as an anvil (a heavy block on which to place the nuts) and a smaller stone as a hammer. Stones suitable for use as anvils are not easy to find, and often a chimpanzee may carry a haul of nuts more than 40 meters to find a suitable anvil. The use of tools in chimpanzees is especially interesting because these animals sometimes modify tools to make them better suited for their intended purpose. To make a twig more effective for digging out termites, for example, a chimp may first strip it of its leaves. Surprisingly, there is also a species of bird that uses sticks to probe holes in the search for insects. One of the species of Galapagos finch, the woodpecker finch, picks up or breaks off a twig, cactus spine, or leaf stem. This primitive tool is then held in the beak and used to probe for insects in holes in trees that the bird cannot probe directly with its beak. Birds have been seen to carry twigs from tree to tree searching for prey. Tools may also be used for defense. Hermit crabs grab sea anemones with their claws and use them as weapons to repel their enemies. Studies have demonstrated that these crabs significantly improve their chances against predators such as octopus by means of this tactic. Also, many species of forest-dwelling primates defend themselves by throwing objects, including stones, at intruders.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss? A. Primates are superior to other animals in using tools. B. The use of stones as tools is similar across different animal species. C. Birds and primates use tools that are different from those of sea animals. D. Many animals have developed effective ways of using tools. 2. According to the passage, Ivory Coast chimpanzees are among the most remarkable of animal tool users because they . A. use tools to gather food B. use more than one tool to accomplish a task C. transport tools from one place to another D. hide their tools from other animals 3. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the behavior of the woodpecker finch? A. It uses its beak as a weapon against its enemies. B. It uses the same twig to look for food in different trees. C. It uses twigs and leaves to build its nest. D. It avoids areas where cactus grows. 4. According to the passage, studies have shown that hermit crabs manage to turn octopus away by . A. attacking the octopus with their claws B. using stones as weapons C. defending themselves with sea anemones D. hiding under sea plants 5. Forest primates and certain sea animals are mentioned in the passage as examples of animals that use tools EXCEPT for . A. self-protection B. food preparation C. hunting prey D. building nests or home. Passage Two Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage. Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other material) against an image-bearing surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse. The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A.D. for applying patterns to textiles. The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile decoration and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process; first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then draws the image in ink. The background is carved away, leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press. Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmith's art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, "to carve"). The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure being applied so that the paper picks up the ink. Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints

before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear. Mass production of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before. 6. What does the passage mainly discuss? A. The origins of textile decoration B. The characteristics of good-quality prints C. Two types of printmaking D. Types of paper used in printmaking 7. The author's purposes in paragraph 2 is to describe A. the woodcuts found in China in the fifth century B. the use of woodcuts in the textile industry C. the process involved in creating a woodcut D. the introduction of woodcuts to Europe 8. The word "incised" in line 15 is closest in meaning to . . A. burned B. cut C. framed D. baked 9. According to the passage, what do woodcut and engraving have in common? A. Their designs are slightly raised. B. They achieve contrast through hatching and cross-hatching. C. They were first used in Europe. D. They allow multiple copies to be produced from one original. 10. According to the passage, all of the following are true about prints EXCEPT that they . A. can be reproduced on materials other than paper B. are created from a reversed image C. Show variations between light and dark shades D require a printing press Passage Three Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage. In Death Valley, California, one of the hottest, most arid places in North America, there is much salt，and salt can damage rocks impressively. Inhabitants of areas elsewhere, where streets and highways are salted to control ice, are familiar with the resulting rust and deterioration on cars. That attests to the chemically corrosive nature of salt, but it is not the way salt destroys rocks. Salt breaks rocks apart principally by a process called crystal prying and wedging. This happens not by soaking the rocks in salt water, but by moistening their bottoms with salt water. Such conditions exist in many areas along the eastern edge of central Death Valley. There, salty water rises from the groundwater table by capillary action through tiny spaces in sediment until it reaches the surface. Most stones have capillary passages that suck salt water from the wet ground. Death Valley provides an ultra-dry atmosphere and high daily temperatures, which promote evaporation and the formation of salt crystals along the cracks or other openings within stones. These crystals grow as long as salt water is available. Like tree roots breaking up a sidewalk, the growing crystals exert pressure on the rock and eventually pry the rock apart along planes of weakness, such as banding in metamorphic rocks, bedding in sedimentary rocks, or preexisting or incipient fractions, and along boundaries between individual mineral crystals or grains. Besides crystal growth, the expansion of halite crystals (the same as everyday table salt) by heating and of sulfates and similar salts by hydration can contribute additional stresses. A rock durable enough to have withstood natural conditions for a very long time in other areas could probably be shattered into small pieces by salt weathering within a few generations. The dominant salt in Death Valley is halite，or sodium chloride, but other salts, mostly carbonates and sulfates, also cause prying and wedging, as does ordinary ice. Weathering by a variety of salts, though often subtle，is a worldwide phenomenon. Not restricted to arid regions,

intense salt weathering occurs mostly in salt-rich places like the seashore，near the large saline lakes in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica, and in desert sections of Australia, New Zealand, and central Asia. 11. What is the passage mainly about? A. The destructive effects of salt on rocks. B. The impressive salt rocks in Death Valley. C. The amount of salt produced in Death Valley. D. The damaging effects of salt on roads and highways. 12.In lines 13-17, why does the author compare tree roots with growing salt crystals? A. They both force hard surfaces to crack. B. They both grow as long as water is available. C. They both react quickly to a rise in temperature. D. They both cause salty water to rise from the groundwater table. 13. The word "shattered" in line 20 is closest in meaning to . A. arranged B. dissolved C. broken apart D. gathered together 14. According to the passage, which of the following is true about the effects of salts on rocks? A. Only two types of salts cause prying and wedging. B. Salts usually cause damage only in combination with ice. C. A variety of salts in all kinds of environments can cause weathering. D. Salt damage at the seashore is more severe than salt damage in Death Valley. 15. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about rocks that are found in areas where ice is common? A. They are protected from weathering. B. They do not allow capillary action of water. C. They show similar kinds of damage as rocks in Death Valley. D. They contain more carbonates than sulfates. Passage Four Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage. As a wise man once said，we are all ultimately alone. But an increasing number of Europeans are choosing to be so at an ever earlier age. This isn't the stuff of gloomy philosophical contemplations, but a fact of Europe's new economic landscape, embraced by sociologists, real-estate developers and ad executives alike. The shift away from family life to solo lifestyle, observes a French sociologist, is part of the “irresistible momentum of individualism” over the last century. The communications revolution，the shift from a business culture of stability to one of mobility and the mass entry of women into the workforce have greatly wreaked havoc on(扰乱） Europeans，private lives. Europe's new economic climate has largely fostered the trend toward independence. The current generation of home-aloners came of age during Europe's shift from social democracy to the sharper, more individualistic climate of American style capitalism. Raised in an era of privatization and increased consumer choice, today's tech-savvy(精通技术的）workers have embraced a free market in love as well as economics. Modern Europeans are rich enough to afford to live alone, and temperamentally independent enough to want to do so. professionals Once upon a time ， people who lived alone tended to be those on either side of marriage-twentysomething pensioners, particularly elderly women, make up a large proportion of those living alone，the newest crop of singles are high earners in their 30s and 40s who increasingly view living alone as a lifestyle choice. Living alone was conceived to be negative-dark and cold, while being together suggested warmth and light. But then came along the idea of singles. They were young, beautiful, strong! Now, young people want to live alone. citizens. While or widowed senior

The booming economy means people are working harder than ever. And that doesn't leave much room for relationships. Pimpi Arroyo, a 35-year-old composer who lives alone in a house in Paris, says he hasn't got time to get lonely because he has too much work. “I have deadlines which would make life with someone else fairly difficult.” Only an Ideal Woman would make him change his lifestyle, he says. Kaufmann, author of a recent book called “The Single Woman and Prince Charming," thinks this fierce new individualism means that people expect more and more of mates, so relationships don't last long-if they start at all. Eppendorf, a blond Berliner with a deep tan, teaches grade school in the mornings. In the afternoon she sunbathes or sleeps, resting up for going dancing. Just shy of 50, she says she'd never have wanted to do what her mother did-give up a career to raise a family. Instead, "I've always done what I wanted to do: live a self-determined life.” 16. More and more young Europeans remain single because . A. they are driven by an overwhelming sense of individualism B. they have entered the workforce at a much earlier age C. they have embraced a business culture of stability D. they are pessimistic about their economic future 17. What is said about European society in the passage? A. It has fostered the trend towards small families. B. It is getting closer to American-style capitalism. C. It has limited consumer choice despite a free market. D. It is being threatened by irresistible privatization. 18. According to Paragraph 3, the newest group of singles are . A. warm and lighthearted C. negative and gloomy B. on either side of marriage D. healthy and wealthy 19. The author quotes Eppendorf to show that . A. some modern women prefer a life of individual freedom . B. the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day Europe C. some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonely D. most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable 20. What is the author's purpose in writing the passage? A. To review the impact of women becoming high earners. B. To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualism. C. To examine the trend of young people living alone. D. To stress the rebuilding of personal relationships. Passage Five Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. Every group has a culture, however uncivilized it may seem to us. To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist, there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages. People once thought of the languages of backward groups as undeveloped. While it if possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of "backward" languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex. They differ from Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this aspect, two things are to be noted. First, all languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion, either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. Second, the objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in "backward" languages, while different from the West, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A Western language distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness ("this" and "that"). But some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker,

or to the person addressed, or removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future. 21. Every group of human beings has . A. its own set of ideas, beliefs and ways of life B. an extremely complex and delicate language C. its own elegant music, literature, and other arts D. the process of growing crops or raising animals 22. "Backward" languages fall behind Western languages in . A. ways to transfer ideas B. forms to satisfy needs C. abilities to answer description D. systems to expand vocabulary 23. All languages, whether civilized or not, have their own . A. ways to transfer ideas B. forms to satisfy needs C. abilities to answer description D. systems to expand vocabulary 24. Which of the following statements is implied in the passage? A. Anthropologists have nothing to do with linguists. B. Linguists have nothing to do with anthropologists. C. The study of languages casts light upon the study of cultures. D. The study of cultures casts no light upon the study of languages. 25. The author's attitude shown in this passage toward "backward" languages is . A. restrained B. subjective C. objective D. resolute Passage Six Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. The sun today is a yellow dwarf star. It is fueled by thermonuclear reactions near its center that convert hydrogen to helium. The sun has existed in its present state for about 4 billion, 600 million years and is thousands of times larger than the Earth. By studying other stars, astronomers can predict what the rest of the sun's life will be like. About 5 billion years from now, the core of the sun will shrink and become hotter. The surface temperature will fall. The higher temperature of the center will increase the rate of thermonuclear reactions. The outer regions of the sun will expand approximately 35 million miles, about the distance to mercury, which is the closest planet to the sun. The sun will then be a red giant star. Temperatures on the earth will become too hot for life to exist. Once the sun has used up its thermonuclear energy as a red giant, it will begin to shrink. After it shrinks to the size of the earth, it will become a white dwarf star. The sun may throw off huge amounts of gases in violent eruptions called nova explosions as it changes from a red giant to a white dwarf. After billions of years as a whiter dwarf, the Sun will have used up all its fuel and will have lost its heat. Such a stat is called a black dwarf. After the Sun has become a black dwarf, the earth will be dark and cold. If any atmosphere remains there, it will have frozen onto the earth's surface. 26. What is the primary purpose of this passage? A. To alert people to the dangers posed by the sun. B. To discuss conditions on earth in the far future. C. To present a theory about red giant stars, D. To describe changes that the sun will go through. . 27. It can be inferred from the passage that the sun A. is approximately halfway through its life as a yellow dwarf B. has been in existence for l0 billion years C. is rapidly changing in size and brightness D. will continue as a yellow dwarf for another 10 billion years .

28. When the sun becomes a red giant, what will conditions be like on Earth? A. Its atmosphere will freeze and become solid. B. It will be enveloped in the expanding surface of the sun. C. It will become too hot for life to exist. D. It will be nearly destroyed by nova explosions. 29. According to the passage, which of the following best describes the sequence of stages that the sun will probably pass through? A. Yellow dwarf, white dwarf, red giant, black giant B. Red giant, white dwarf, red dwarf, nova explosion C. Yellow dwarf, red giant, white dwarf, black dwarf D. White dwarf, red giant, black dwarf, yellow dwarf. 30. Which of the following best describes the tone of the passage? A. Alarmed. objective B. Pessimistic. C. Comic. D. Part Three Vocabulary and Structure (15 points) Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. 1. The house was very quiet, as it was on the side of a mountain. A. isolated B. isolating C. being isolated having been isolated 2. The American basketball team announced that they would not A. yoke B. yell C. yield first place to any team. D. D. yearn 3. He said there was a great gap between the views expressed in the media and what were thinking. A. usual B. general C. normal ordinary 4. Lincoln, who many regard as one of our great presidents, was often reputation of telling good jokes. A. bright B. optimistic C. gloomy despite his people D. D. cheerful 5. The most familiar headache comes from which might be caused in turn by exertion, or worry or stress. tightness in the back, head and neck, A. monopoly B. muscle C. murmur D. monster 6. An for learning the kinds of things required at school. test is a rough measure of a child's capacity for learning, particularly A. proficiency B. intelligence C. psychology D. speed 7. Nobody in the company pays attention to his opinion, because what he has said is always mere . A commonplace B. common C. ordinary D. homely 8. Jack's in crucial but not often noted ways to desegregation. of black music and performers into a mainstream art form contributed A. transformation B. assimilation C. deviation D. diversion 9. He lived in a money-worshiping society. house, and for this reason he was easily accepted into his

A. shabby B. ragged C. dingy D. decent 10. Teenagers in the 1950s, who had to and international tensions, scorned the sterile version of American life. an increasingly atomized family life and domestic A. injure B. conjure C. confront inflow 11. The rain was so heavy that the man was wet to the skin; his whole body was and trembling. A. stiff B. straight C. steady D. D. hard 12. Tom was totally that he could have got an A. when he received a C on the exam in history, for he was positive A. elated. B. frustrated C. incited D. contented 13. Despite repeated students' burdens, little has changed. by educational authorities for concrete measures to reduce A. directions B. recommendations C. advice calls 14. Every day, many people come to visit the of the old castle. A. location B. highland C. site D. D. desert 15. Many young people believe that war is stupid and unnecessary. To them, to lose one's life on the battlefield is . B. futile D. D. difference A. glorious courageous 16. The Browns lived in a C. heroic and comfortably furnished house in the suburbs. A. confess B. sufficient C. wide wretched 17. Arrogance and pride are similar in meaning, but there is a(n) between them. A. submerged B. indecisive C. indistinct D. subtle 18. The scientist. of electronic computers has opened up new ways of data analysis for the A. advent B. adverse C. advert D. advise 19. The first sentence in this paragraph is ways. ; it can be interpreted in "many A. intricate B. ambiguous C. duplicated D. confused 20. Rumors are everywhere, spreading fear, damaging reputations, and turning calm situations into ones. A. tragic suspicious 21. A. Promoting B. vulnerable C. turbulent D. the issue of slavery and race has been fundamental in America's development. D. B. Confronting C. Conquering Measuring 22. Obviously he has done a very terrible thing today, but responsible in the criminal justice system. , he can't be held A. justifiably B. legally C. Reasonably D. understandingly 23. Success as achievement. by economic output bears no close relationship to human

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