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LASERS Anthony E. Siegman Professor of Electrical Engineering Stanford University University Science Books Sausalito, California

University Science Books 55D Gate Five Road Sausalito, CA 94965 Manuscript Editor: Aidan Kelly Designer: Robert Ishi Production: Miller/Scheier Associates, Palo Alto, CA TgXpert: Laura Poplin Printer and Binder: The Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group Copyright © 1986 by University Science Books Reproduction or translation of any part of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Requests for permission or further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, University Science Books. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 86-050346 ISBN 0-935702-11-3 Printed in the United States of America This manuscript was prepared at Stanford University using the text editing facilities of the Context and Sierra DEC-20 computers and Professor Donald Knuth's TgX typesetting system. Camera-ready copy was printed on an Autologic APS-/i5 phototypesetter. 10 9 8 7

LASERS

LASERS Anthony E. Siegman Professor of Electrical Engineering Stanford University University Science Books Sausalito, California

University Science Books 55D Gate Five Road Sausalito, CA 94965 Manuscript Editor: Aidan Kelly Designer: Robert Ishi Production: Miller/Scheier Associates, Palo Alto, CA TgXpert: Laura Poplin Printer and Binder: The Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group Copyright © 1986 by University Science Books Reproduction or translation of any part of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Requests for permission or further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, University Science Books. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 86-050346 ISBN 0-935702-11-3 Printed in the United States of America This manuscript was prepared at Stanford University using the text editing facilities of the Context and Sierra DEC-20 computers and Professor Donald Knuth's TgX typesetting system. Camera-ready copy was printed on an Autologic APS-/i5 phototypesetter. 10 9 8 7

CONTENTS xin xv xvii Preface Units and Notation List of Symbols BASIC LASER PHYSICS 1. An Introduction to Lasers 1 2. Stimulated Transitions: The Classical Oscillator Model 80 3. Electric Dipole Transitions in Real Atoms 118 4. Atomic Rate Equations 176 5. The Rabi Frequency 221 6. Laser Pumping and Population Inversion 243 7. Laser Amplification 264 8. More On Laser Amplification 307 9. Linear Pulse Propagation 331 10. Nonlinear Optical Pulse Propagation 362 11. Laser Mirrors and Regenerative Feedback 398 12. Fundamentals of Laser Oscillation 457 13. Oscillation Dynamics and Oscillation Threshold 491 OPTICAL BEAMS AND RESONATORS 14. Optical Beams and Resonators: An Introduction 15. Ray Optics and Ray Matrices 16. Wave Optics and Gaussian Beams 17. Physical Properties of Gaussian Beams 18. Beam Perturbation and Diffraction 19. Stable Two-Mirror Resonators 20. Complex Paraxial Wave Optics 21. Generalized Paraxial Resonator Theory 22. Unstable Optical Resonators 23. More on Unstable Resonators LASER DYNAMICS AND ADVANCED TOPICS 24. Laser Dynamics: The Laser Cavity Equations 25. Laser Spiking and Mode Competition 26. Laser Q-Switching 27. Active Laser Mode Coupling 28. Passive Mode Locking 29. Laser Injection Locking 30. Hole Burning and Saturation Spectroscopy 31. Magnetic-Dipole Transitions 558 581 626 663 698 744 777 815 858 891 923 954 1004 1041 1104 1129 1171 1213

ate LIST OF TOPICS Preface xiii Units and Notation xv List of Symbols xvii BASIC LASER PHYSICS Chapter 1 An Introduction to Lasers 1.1 What Is a Laser? 2 1.2 Atomic Energy Levels and Spontaneous Emission 6 1.3 Stimulated Atomic Transitions 18 1.4 Laser Amplification 30 1.5 Laser Pumping and Population Inversion 35 1.6 Laser Oscillation and Laser Cavity Modes 39 1.7 Laser Output-Beam Properties 49 1.8 A Few Practical Examples 60 1.9 Other Properties of Real Lasers 66 1.10 Historical Background of the Laser 74 1.11 Additional Problems for Chapter 1 76 Chapter 2 Stimulated Transitions: The Classical Oscillator Model 2.1 The Classical Electron Oscillator 80 2.2 Collisions and Dephasing Processes 89 2.3 More on Atomic Dynamics and Dephasing 97 2.4 Steady-State Response: The Atomic Susceptibility 102 2.5 Conversion to Real Atomic Transitions 110 Chapter 3 Electric Dipole Transitions in Real Atoms 3.1 Decay Rates and Transition Strengths in Real Atoms 118 3.2 Line Broadening Mechanisms in Real Atoms 126 3.3 Polarization Properties of Atomic Transitions 135 3.4 Tensor Susceptibilities 143 3.5 The "Factor of Three" 150 3.6 Degenerate Energy Levels and Degeneracy Factors 153 3.7 Inhomogeneous Line Broadening 157 Chapter 4 Atomic Rate Equations 4.1 Power Transfer From Signals to Atoms 176

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