旅行商问题的0-1整数规划模型及算法.pdf-资料库

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8 Linear Programming and Mixed-Integer Linear Programming Travelling Salesman Problem This example shows how to use binary integer programming to solve the classic travelling salesman problem. This problem involves finding the shortest closed tour (path) through a set of stops (cities). In this case there are 200 stops, but you can easily change the nStops variable to get a different problem size. You'll solve the initial problem and see that the solution has subtours. This means the optimal solution found doesn't give one continuous path through all the points, but instead has several disconnected loops. You'll then use an iterative process of determining the subtours, adding constraints, and rerunning the optimization until the subtours are eliminated. Draw the Map and Stops Generate random stops inside a crude polygonal representation of the continental U.S. figure; load('usborder.mat','x','y','xx','yy'); rng(3,'twister') % makes a plot with stops in Maine & Florida, and is reproducible nStops = 200; % you can use any number, but the problem size scales as N^2 stopsLon = zeros(nStops,1); % allocate x-coordinates of nStops stopsLat = stopsLon; % allocate y-coordinates n = 1; while (n <= nStops) xp = rand*1.5; yp = rand; if inpolygon(xp,yp,xx,yy) % test if inside the border stopsLon(n) = xp; stopsLat(n) = yp; n = n+1; end end plot(x,y,'Color','red'); % draw the outside border hold on % Add the stops to the map plot(stopsLon,stopsLat,'*b') hold off 8-44

Travelling Salesman Problem Problem Formulation Formulate the travelling salesman problem for integer linear programming as follows: • Generate all possible trips, meaning all distinct pairs of stops. • Calculate the distance for each trip. • The cost function to minimize is the sum of the trip distances for each trip in the tour. • The decision variables are binary, and associated with each trip, where each 1 represents a trip that exists on the tour, and each 0 represents a trip that is not on the tour. 8-45

8 Linear Programming and Mixed-Integer Linear Programming • To ensure that the tour includes every stop, include the linear constraint that each stop is on exactly two trips. This means one arrival and one departure from the stop. Calculate Distances Between Points Because there are 200 stops, there are 19,900 trips, meaning 19,900 binary variables (∥ variables = 200 choose 2). Generate all the trips, meaning all pairs of stops. idxs = nchoosek(1:nStops,2); Calculate all the trip distances, assuming that the earth is flat in order to use the Pythagorean rule. dist = hypot(stopsLat(idxs(:,1)) - stopsLat(idxs(:,2)), ... stopsLon(idxs(:,1)) - stopsLon(idxs(:,2))); lendist = length(dist); With this definition of the dist vector, the length of a tour is dist'*x where x is the binary solution vector. This is the distance of a tour that you try to minimize. Equality Constraints The problem has two types of equality constraints. The first enforces that there must be 200 trips total. The second enforces that each stop must have two trips attached to it (there must be a trip to each stop and a trip departing each stop). Specify the first type of equality constraint, that you must have nStops trips, in the form Aeq*x = beq. Aeq = spones(1:length(idxs)); % Adds up the number of trips beq = nStops; To specify the second type of equality constraint, that there needs to be two trips attached to each stop, extend the Aeq matrix as sparse. Aeq = [Aeq;spalloc(nStops,length(idxs),nStops*(nStops-1))]; % allocate a sparse matrix 8-46

Travelling Salesman Problem for ii = 1:nStops whichIdxs = (idxs == ii); % find the trips that include stop ii whichIdxs = sparse(sum(whichIdxs,2)); % include trips where ii is at either end Aeq(ii+1,:) = whichIdxs'; % include in the constraint matrix end beq = [beq; 2*ones(nStops,1)]; Binary Bounds All decision variables are binary. Now, set the intcon argument to the number of decision variables, put a lower bound of 0 on each, and an upper bound of 1. intcon = 1:lendist; lb = zeros(lendist,1); ub = ones(lendist,1); Optimize Using intlinprog The problem is ready to be solved. Call the solver. opts = optimoptions('intlinprog','Display','off'); [xopt,costopt,exitflag,output] = intlinprog(dist,intcon,[],[],Aeq,beq,lb,ub,opts); Visualize the Solution hold on segments = find(xopt); % Get indices of lines on optimal path lh = zeros(nStops,1); % Use to store handles to lines on plot lh = updateSalesmanPlot(lh,xopt,idxs,stopsLon,stopsLat); title('Solution with Subtours'); 8-47

8 Linear Programming and Mixed-Integer Linear Programming As can be seen on the map, the solution has several subtours. The constraints specified so far do not prevent these subtours from happening. In order to prevent any possible subtour from happening, you would need an incredibly large number of inequality constraints. Subtour Constraints Because you can't add all of the subtour constraints, take an iterative approach. Detect the subtours in the current solution, then add inequality constraints to prevent those particular subtours from happening. By doing this, you find a suitable tour in a few iterations. Eliminate subtours with inequality constraints. An example of how this works is if you have five points in a subtour, then you have five lines connecting those points to create 8-48

Travelling Salesman Problem the subtour. Eliminate this subtour by implementing an inequality constraint to say there must be less than or equal to four lines between these five points. Even more, find all lines between these five points, and constrain the solution not to have more than four of these lines present. This is a correct constraint because if five or more of the lines existed in a solution, then the solution would have a subtour (a graph with nodes and The detectSubtours function analyzes the solution and returns a cell array of vectors. Each vector in the cell array contains the stops involved in that particular subtour. edges always contains a cycle). tours = detectSubtours(xopt,idxs); numtours = length(tours); % number of subtours fprintf('# of subtours: %d\n',numtours); # of subtours: 28 Include the linear inequality constraints to eliminate subtours, and repeatedly call the solver, until just one subtour remains. A = spalloc(0,lendist,0); % Allocate a sparse linear inequality constraint matrix b = []; while numtours > 1 % repeat until there is just one subtour % Add the subtour constraints b = [b;zeros(numtours,1)]; % allocate b A = [A;spalloc(numtours,lendist,nStops)]; % a guess at how many nonzeros to allocate for ii = 1:numtours rowIdx = size(A,1)+1; % Counter for indexing subTourIdx = tours{ii}; % Extract the current subtour % The next lines find all of the variables associated with the % particular subtour, then add an inequality constraint to prohibit % that subtour and all subtours that use those stops. variations = nchoosek(1:length(subTourIdx),2); for jj = 1:length(variations) whichVar = (sum(idxs==subTourIdx(variations(jj,1)),2)) & ... (sum(idxs==subTourIdx(variations(jj,2)),2)); A(rowIdx,whichVar) = 1; end b(rowIdx) = length(subTourIdx)-1; % One less trip than subtour stops end % Try to optimize again [xopt,costopt,exitflag,output] = intlinprog(dist,intcon,A,b,Aeq,beq,lb,ub,opts); 8-49

8 Linear Programming and Mixed-Integer Linear Programming % Visualize result lh = updateSalesmanPlot(lh,xopt,idxs,stopsLon,stopsLat); % How many subtours this time? tours = detectSubtours(xopt,idxs); numtours = length(tours); % number of subtours fprintf('# of subtours: %d\n',numtours); end title('Solution with Subtours Eliminated'); hold off # of subtours: 22 # of subtours: 10 # of subtours: 5 # of subtours: 3 # of subtours: 4 # of subtours: 1 8-50

Travelling Salesman Problem Solution Quality The solution represents a feasible tour, because it is a single closed loop. But is it a minimal-cost tour? One way to find out is to examine the output structure. output output = relativegap: 0.0100 absolutegap: 0.0021 numfeaspoints: 5 numnodes: 2258 constrviolation: 2.5580e-13 8-51

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旅行商问题的0-1整数规划模型及算法.pdf

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