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Table of Contents
From the Publisher
Using Code Examples
Safari® Books Online
How to Contact Us
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Terminology and Conventions
Reporting Bugs and Suggesting Improvements
Chapter 1. Deducing Types
Item 1: Understand template type deduction.
Case 1: ParamType is a Reference or Pointer, but not a Universal Reference
Case 2: ParamType is a Universal Reference
Case 3: ParamType is Neither a Pointer nor a Reference
Array Arguments
Function Arguments
Item 2: Understand auto type deduction.
Item 3: Understand decltype.
Item 4: Know how to view deduced types.
IDE Editors
Compiler Diagnostics
Runtime Output
Chapter 2. auto
Item 5: Prefer auto to explicit type declarations.
Item 6: Use the explicitly typed initializer idiom when auto deduces undesired types.
Chapter 3. Moving to Modern C++
Item 7: Distinguish between () and {} when creating objects.
Item 8: Prefer nullptr to 0 and NULL.
Item 9: Prefer alias declarations to typedefs.
Item 10: Prefer scoped enums to unscoped enums.
Item 11: Prefer deleted functions to private undefined ones.
Item 12: Declare overriding functions override.
Item 13: Prefer const_iterators to iterators.
Item 14: Declare functions noexcept if they won’t emit exceptions.
Item 15: Use constexpr whenever possible.
Item 16: Make const member functions thread safe.
Item 17: Understand special member function generation.
Chapter 4. Smart Pointers
Item 18: Use std::unique_ptr for exclusive-ownership resource management.
Item 19: Use std::shared_ptr for shared-ownership resource management.
Item 20: Use std::weak_ptr for std::shared_ptr-like pointers that can dangle.
Item 21: Prefer std::make_unique and std::make_shared to direct use of new.
Item 22: When using the Pimpl Idiom, define special member functions in the implementation file.
Chapter 5. Rvalue References, Move Semantics, and Perfect Forwarding
Item 23: Understand std::move and std::forward.
Item 24: Distinguish universal references from rvalue references.
Item 25: Use std::move on rvalue references, std::forward on universal references.
Item 26: Avoid overloading on universal references.
Item 27: Familiarize yourself with alternatives to overloading on universal references.
Item 28: Understand reference collapsing.
Item 29: Assume that move operations are not present, not cheap, and not used.
Item 30: Familiarize yourself with perfect forwarding failure cases.
Chapter 6. Lambda Expressions
Item 31: Avoid default capture modes.
Item 32: Use init capture to move objects into closures.
Item 33: Use decltype on auto&& parameters to std::forward them.
Item 34: Prefer lambdas to std::bind.
Chapter 7. The Concurrency API
Item 35: Prefer task-based programming to thread-based.
Item 36: Specify std::launch::async if asynchronicity is essential.
Item 37: Make std::threads unjoinable on all paths.
Item 38: Be aware of varying thread handle destructor behavior.
Item 39: Consider void futures for one-shot event communication.
Item 40: Use std::atomic for concurrency, volatile for special memory.
Chapter 8. Tweaks
Item 41: Consider pass by value for copyable parameters that are cheap to move and always copied.
Item 42: Consider emplacement instead of insertion.
Index
About the Author
“ After I learned the C++ basics, I then learned how to use C++ in production code from Meyers' series of Effective C++ books. Effective Modern C++ is the most important how-to book for advice on key guidelines, styles, and idioms to use modern C++ effectively and well. Don't own it yet? Buy this one. Now.” —Herb Sutter Chair of ISO C++ Standards Committee and C++ Software Architect at Microsoft Effective Modern C++ Coming to grips with C++11 and C++14 is more than a matter of familiarizing yourself with the features they introduce (e.g., auto type declarations, move semantics, lambda expressions, and concurrency support). The challenge is learning to use those features effectively—so that your software is correct, efficient, maintainable, and portable. That’s where this practical book comes in. It describes how to write truly great software using C++11 and C++14—i.e. using modern C++. Topics include: ■ The pros and cons of braced initialization, noexcept specifications, perfect forwarding, and smart pointer make functions ■ The relationships among std::move, std::forward, rvalue references, and universal references ■ Techniques for writing clear, correct, effective lambda expressions ■ How std::atomic differs from volatile, how each should be used, and how they relate to C++'s concurrency API ■ How best practices in "old" C++ programming (i.e., C++98) require revision for software development in modern C++ Effective Modern C++ follows the proven guideline-based, example-driven format of Scott Meyers' earlier books, but covers entirely new material. It's essential reading for every modern C++ software developer. For more than 20 years, Scott Meyers' Effective C++ books (Effective C++, More Effective C++, and Effective STL) have set the bar for C++ programming guidance. His clear, engaging explanations of complex technical material have earned him a worldwide following, keeping him in demand as a trainer, consultant, and confer- ence presenter. He has a Ph.D. in Computer Science from Brown University. PROGRAMMING/C++ US $49.99 ISBN: 978-1-491-90399-5 CAN $52.99 Twitter: @oreillymedia facebook.com/oreilly E f f e c t i v e M o d e r n C + + M e y e r s Effective Modern C++ 42 SPECIFIC WAYS TO IMPROVE YOUR USE OF C++11 AND C++14 Scott Meyers
“ After I learned the C++ basics, I then learned how to use C++ in production code from Meyers' series of Effective C++ books. Effective Modern C++ is the most important how-to book for advice on key guidelines, styles, and idioms to use modern C++ effectively and well. Don't own it yet? Buy this one. Now.” —Herb Sutter Chair of ISO C++ Standards Committee and C++ Software Architect at Microsoft Effective Modern C++ Coming to grips with C++11 and C++14 is more than a matter of familiarizing yourself with the features they introduce (e.g., auto type declarations, move semantics, lambda expressions, and concurrency support). The challenge is learning to use those features effectively—so that your software is correct, efficient, maintainable, and portable. That’s where this practical book comes in. It describes how to write truly great software using C++11 and C++14—i.e., using modern C++. Topics include: ■ The pros and cons of braced initialization, noexcept specifications, perfect forwarding, and smart pointer make functions ■ The relationships among std::move, std::forward, rvalue references, and universal references ■ Techniques for writing clear, correct, effective lambda expressions ■ How std::atomic differs from volatile, how each should be used, and how they relate to C++'s concurrency API ■ How best practices in "old" C++ programming (i.e., C++98) require revision for software development in modern C++ Effective Modern C++ follows the proven guideline-based, example-driven format of Scott Meyers' earlier books, but covers entirely new material. It's essential reading for every modern C++ software developer. For more than 20 years, Scott Meyers' Effective C++ books (Effective C++, More Effective C++, and Effective STL) have set the bar for C++ programming guidance. His clear, engaging explanations of complex technical material have earned him a worldwide following, keeping him in demand as a trainer, consultant, and confer- ence presenter. He has a Ph.D. in Computer Science from Brown University. PROGRAMMING/C++ US $49.99 ISBN: 978-1-491-90399-5 CAN $52.99 Twitter: @oreillymedia facebook.com/oreilly E f f e c t i v e M o d e r n C + + M e y e r s Effective Modern C++ 42 SPECIFIC WAYS TO IMPROVE YOUR USE OF C++11 AND C++14 Scott Meyers
Praise for Effective Modern C++ So, still interested in C++? You should be! Modern C++ (i.e., C++11/C++14) is far more than just a facelift. Considering the new features, it seems that it’s more a reinvention. Looking for guidelines and assistance? Then this book is surely what you are looking for. Concerning C++, Scott Meyers was and still is a synonym for accuracy, quality, and delight. —Gerhard Kreuzer Research and Development Engineer, Siemens AG Finding utmost expertise is hard enough. Finding teaching perfectionism— an author’s obsession with strategizing and streamlining explanations—is also difficult. You know you’re in for a treat when you get to find both embodied in the same person. Effective Modern C++ is a towering achievement from a consummate technical writer. It layers lucid, meaningful, and well-sequenced clarifications on top of complex and interconnected topics, all in crisp literary style. You’re equally unlikely to find a technical mistake, a dull moment, or a lazy sentence in Effective Modern C++. —Andrei Alexandrescu Ph.D., Research Scientist, Facebook, and author of Modern C++ Design As someone with over two decades of C++ experience, to get the most out of modern C++ (both best practices and pitfalls to avoid), I highly recommend getting this book, reading it thoroughly, and referring to it often! I’ve certainly learned new things going through it! —Nevin Liber Senior Software Engineer, DRW Trading Group Bjarne Stroustrup—the creator of C++—said, “C++11 feels like a new language.” Effective Modern C++ makes us share this same feeling by clearly explaining how everyday programmers can benefit from new features and idioms of C++11 and C++14. Another great Scott Meyers book. —Cassio Neri FX Quantitative Analyst, Lloyds Banking Group
Scott has the knack of boiling technical complexity down to an understandable kernel. His Effective C++ books helped to raise the coding style of a previous generation of C++ programmers; the new book seems positioned to do the same for those using modern C++. —Roger Orr OR/2 Limited, a member of the ISO C++ standards committee Effective Modern C++ is a great tool to improve your modern C++ skills. Not only does it teach you how, when and where to use modern C++ and be effective, it also explains why. Without doubt, Scott’s clear and insightful writing, spread over 42 well-thought items, gives programmers a much better understanding of the language. —Bart Vandewoestyne Research and Development Engineer and C++ enthusiast I love C++, it has been my work vehicle for many decades now. And with the latest raft of features it is even more powerful and expressive than I would have previously imagined. But with all this choice comes the question “when and how do I apply these features?” As has always been the case, Scott’s Effective C++ books are the definitive answer to this question. —Damien Watkins Computation Software Engineering Team Lead, CSIRO Great read for transitioning to modern C++—new C++11/14 language features are described alongside C++98, subject items are easy to reference, and advice summarized at the end of each section. Entertaining and useful for both casual and advanced C++ developers. —Rachel Cheng F5 Networks If you’re migrating from C++98/03 to C++11/14, you need the eminently practical and clear information Scott provides in Effective Modern C++. If you’re already writing C++11 code, you’ll probably discover issues with the new features through Scott’s thorough discussion of the important new features of the language. Either way, this book is worth your time. —Rob Stewart Boost Steering Committee member (boost.org)
Effective Modern C++ Scott Meyers
Effective Modern C++ by Scott Meyers Copyright © 2015 Scott Meyers. All rights reserved. Printed in the Canada. Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://safaribooksonline.com). For more information, contact our corporate/ institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com. Editor: Rachel Roumeliotis Production Editor: Melanie Yarbrough Copyeditor: Jasmine Kwityn November 2014: First Edition Revision History for the First Edition 2014-11-07: First Release Proofreader: Charles Roumeliotis Indexer: Scott Meyers Interior Designer: David Futato Cover Designer: Ellie Volkhausen Illustrator: Rebecca Demarest See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781491903995 for release details. The O’Reilly logo is a registered trademark of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Effective Modern C++, the cover image of a Rose-crowned Fruit Dove, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. While the publisher and the author have used good faith efforts to ensure that the information and instructions contained in this work are accurate, the publisher and the author disclaim all responsibility for errors or omissions, including without limitation responsibility for damages resulting from the use of or reliance on this work. Use of the information and instructions contained in this work is at your own risk. If any code samples or other technology this work contains or describes is subject to open source licenses or the intellectual property rights of others, it is your responsibility to ensure that your use thereof complies with such licenses and/or rights. 978-1-491-90399-5 [TI]
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