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网络基本原理 Networking Fundamentals.pdf
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Foreword from the Publisher
Preface
Illustrated Book Tour
Conventions and Features Used in This Book
Instructor Support Program
Student Support Program
Acknowledgments
Brief Contents
Contents
Lesson 1: Understanding Local Area Networking
Objective Domain Matrix
Key Terms
Examining Local Area Networks, Devices, and Data Transfer
Defining a LAN
Identifying Types of LANs
Getting to Know Perimeter Networks
Identifying Network Topologies and Standards
Identifying Network Topologies
Defining Ethernet Standards
Identifying the Differences between Client/Server and Peer-to-Peer Distributed Networks
Skill Summary
Knowledge Assessment
Workplace Ready
Lesson 2: Defining Networks with the OSI Model
Objective Domain Matrix
Key Terms
Understanding OSI Basics
Defining the Layers in the OSI Model
Defining the Communications Subnetwork
Defining the Upper OSI Layers
Reviewing the OSI Layers
Defining the TCP/IP Model
Skill Summary
Knowledge Assessment
Workplace Ready
Lesson 3: Understanding Wired and Wireless Networks
Objective Domain Matrix
Key Terms
Recognizing Wired Networks and Media Types
Identifying and Working with Twisted-Pair Cables
Identifying and Working with Fiber Optic Cable
Comprehending Wireless Networks
Identifying Wireless Devices
Identifying Wireless Networking Standards
Skill Summary
Knowledge Assessment
Workplace Ready
Lesson 4: Understanding Internet Protocol
Objective Domain Matrix
Key Terms
Working with IPv4
Categorizing IPv4 Addresses
Default Gateways and DNS Servers
Defining Advanced IPv4 Concepts
Defining Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
Working with IPv6
Understanding IPv6
Configuring IPv6
Skill Summary
Knowledge Assessment
Workplace Ready
Lesson 5: Implementing TCP/IP in the Command Line
Objective Domain Matrix
Key Terms
Using Basic TCP/IP Commands
Working with the Command Prompt
Working with Ipconfig and Ping
Working with Advanced TCP/IP Commands
Skill Summary
Knowledge Assessment
Workplace Ready
Lesson 6: Working with Networking Services
Objective Domain Matrix
Key Terms
Setting Up Common Networking Services
Working with DHCP
Working with Terminal Services
Defining More Networking Services
Defining RRAS
Defining IPsec
Defining Name Resolution Techniques
Defining DNS
Defining WINS
Skill Summary
Knowledge Assessment
Workplace Ready
Lesson 7: Understanding Wide Area Networks
Objective Domain Matrix
Key Terms
Understanding Routing
Identifying Static and Dynamic Routing
Defining Common WAN Technologies and Connections
Defining Packet Switching
Defining T-Carriers
Defining Other WAN Technologies and Internet Connectivity
Skill Summary
Knowledge Assessment
Workplace Ready
Lesson 8: Defining Network Infrastructures and Network Security
Objective Domain Matrix
Key Terms
Understanding Networks outside the LAN
Defining the Internet
Defining Intranets and Extranets
Understanding VPNs
Understanding Security Devices and Zones
Defining Firewalls and Other Perimeter Security Devices
Redefining the DMZ
Putting It All Together
Skill Summary
Knowledge Assessment
Workplace Ready
Index
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Microsoft® Official Academic Course
Networking Fundamentals,
Exam 98-366
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Credits
EDITOR
DIRECTOR OF SALES
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MICROSOFT SENIOR PRODUCT MANAGER
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CONTENT MANAGER
SENIOR PRODUCTION EDITOR
CREATIVE DIRECTOR
COVER DESIGNER
TECHNOLOGY AND MEDIA
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Mitchell Beaton
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Merrick Van Dongen of Microsoft Learning
Jennifer Lartz
Micheline Frederick
Kerry Weinstein
Harry Nolan
Jim O’Shea
Tom Kulesa/Wendy Ashenberg
Cover photo: Credit: © Design Pics/Eryk Jaegermann/Getty Images, Inc.
This book was set in Garamond by Aptara, Inc. and printed and bound by Bind Rite Graphics.
The cover was printed by Phoenix Color.
Copyright © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization
through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers,
MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions
Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008,
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this book.
ISBN 978-0-470-90183-0
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Foreword from the Publisher
Wiley’s publishing vision for the Microsoft Official Academic Course series is to provide
students and instructors with the skills and knowledge they need to use Microsoft technol-
ogy effectively in all aspects of their personal and professional lives. Quality instruction is
required to help both educators and students get the most from Microsoft’s software tools and
to become more productive. Thus our mission is to make our instructional programs trusted
educational companions for life.
To accomplish this mission, Wiley and Microsoft have partnered to develop the highest quality
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ated by this partnership carry the brand name “Microsoft Official Academic Course,” assuring
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and that they provide the highest quality information and instruction on Microsoft products.
The Microsoft Official Academic Course textbooks are “Official” in still one more way—they
are the officially sanctioned courseware for Microsoft IT Academy members.
The Microsoft Official Academic Course series focuses on workforce development. These
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The Microsoft Official Academic Courses are mapped to Microsoft’s extensive research and
job-task analysis, the same research and analysis used to create the Microsoft Technology
Associate (MTA) and Microsoft Certified Information Technology Professional (MCITP)
exams. The textbooks focus on real skills for real jobs. As students work through the projects
and exercises in the textbooks they enhance their level of knowledge and their ability to apply
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dentials that can assist them in finding a job, keeping their current job, or in furthering their
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The concept of life-long learning is today an utmost necessity. Job roles, and even whole
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Today educational publishing requires attention to providing quality print and robust elec-
tronic content. By integrating Microsoft Official Academic Course products, WileyPLUS, and
Microsoft certifications, we are better able to deliver efficient learning solutions for students
and teachers alike.
Bonnie Lieberman
General Manager and Senior Vice President
call the MOAC Toll-Free Number: 1+(888) 764-7001 (U.S. & Canada only)
| iii
www.wiley.com/college/microsoft or
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Preface
Welcome to the Microsoft Official Academic Course (MOAC) program for Networking
Fundamentals. MOAC represents the collaboration between Microsoft Learning and John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. publishing company. Microsoft and Wiley teamed up to produce a series
of textbooks that deliver compelling and innovative teaching solutions to instructors and
superior learning experiences for students. Infused and informed by in-depth knowledge
from the creators of Microsoft products, and crafted by a publisher known worldwide for the
pedagogical quality of its products, these textbooks maximize skills transfer in minimum time.
Students are challenged to reach their potential by using their new technical skills as highly
productive members of the workforce.
Because this knowledge base comes directly from Microsoft, creator of the Microsoft Certified
IT Professional (MCITP), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist (MCTS), and Microsoft
Certified Professional (MCP) exams (www.microsoft.com/learning/certification), you are sure to
receive the topical coverage that is most relevant to students’ personal and professional success.
Microsoft’s direct participation not only assures you that MOAC textbook content is accurate
and current; it also means that students will receive the best instruction possible to enable their
success on certification exams and in the workplace.
■ The Microsoft Official Academic Course Program
The Microsoft Official Academic Course series is a complete program for instructors and institutions
to prepare and deliver great courses on Microsoft software technologies. With MOAC, we recognize
that, because of the rapid pace of change in the technology and curriculum developed by Microsoft,
there is an ongoing set of needs beyond classroom instruction tools for an instructor to be ready to
teach the course. The MOAC program endeavors to provide solutions for all these needs in a sys-
tematic manner in order to ensure a successful and rewarding course experience for both instructor
and student—technical and curriculum training for instructor readiness with new software releases;
the software itself for student use at home for building hands-on skills, assessment, and validation of
skill development; and a great set of tools for delivering instruction in the classroom and lab. All are
important to the smooth delivery of an interesting course on Microsoft software, and all are pro-
vided with the MOAC program. We think about the model below as a gauge for ensuring that we
completely support you in your goal of teaching a great course. As you evaluate your instructional
materials options, you may wish to use the model for comparison purposes with available products.
iv |
call the MOAC Toll-Free Number: 1+(888) 764-7001 (U.S. & Canada only)
www.wiley.com/college/microsoft or
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Illustrated Book Tour
■ Pedagogical Features
Pedagogical Features
The MOAC textbook for Networking Fundamentals is designed to cover all the learning
objectives for that MTA exam 98-366, which is referred to as its “objective domain.” The
Microsoft Technology Associate (MTA) exam objectives are highlighted throughout the
textbook. Many pedagogical features have been developed specifically for Microsoft Official
Academic Course programs.
Presenting the extensive procedural information and technical concepts woven throughout the
textbook raises challenges for the student and instructor alike. The Illustrated Book Tour that
follows provides a guide to the rich features contributing to Microsoft Official Academic Course
program’s pedagogical plan. Following is a list of key features in each lesson designed to
prepare students for success as they continue in their IT education, on the certification
exams, and in the workplace:
Each lesson begins with a Lesson Skill Matrix. More than a standard list of learning
objectives, the Domain Matrix correlates each software skill covered in the lesson to the
specific exam objective domain.
Concise and frequent Step-by-Step instructions teach students new features and provide
an opportunity for hands-on practice. Numbered steps give detailed, step-by-step
instructions to help students learn software skills.
Illustrations: Screen images provide visual feedback as students work through the
exercises. The images reinforce key concepts, provide visual clues about the steps, and
allow students to check their progress.
Key Terms: Important technical vocabulary is listed with definitions at the beginning of
the lesson. When these terms are used later in the lesson, they appear in bold italic type
and are defined. The Glossary contains all of the key terms and their definitions.
Engaging point-of-use Reader Aids, located throughout the lessons, tell students why
this topic is relevant (The Bottom Line), provide students with helpful hints (Take Note).
Reader Aids also provide additional relevant or background information that adds value
to the lesson.
Certification Ready features throughout the text signal students where a specific
certification objective is covered. They provide students with a chance to check their
understanding of that particular MTA objective and, if necessary, review the section
of the lesson where it is covered. MOAC offers complete preparation for MTA
certification.
End-of-Lesson Questions: The Knowledge Assessment section provides a variety of
multiple-choice, true-false, matching, and fill-in-the-blank questions.
End-of-Lesson Exercises: Competency Assessment case scenarios, Proficiency Assessment
case scenarios, and Workplace Ready exercises are projects that test students' ability to
apply what they've learned in the lesson.
call the MOAC Toll-Free Number: 1+(888) 764-7001 (U.S. & Canada only)
www.wiley.com/college/microsoft or
| v
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vi | Illustrated Book Tour
■ Lesson Features
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2
LESSON
Defining Networks
with the OSI Model
O B J E C T I V E D O M A I N M A T R I X
SKILLS/CONCEPTS
MTA EXAM OBJECTIVE
MTA EXAM OBJECTIVE NUMBER
Understanding OSI Basics
Understand the OSI model.
3.1
Defining the Communications
Subnetwork
Defining the Upper OSI Layers
Defining the Communications
Subnetwork
Understand switches.
2.1
K E Y T E R M S
Address Resolution Protocol
application layer
ARP table
baseband
broadband
CAM table
communications subnetwork
data link layer (DLL)
encapsulated
encoded
inbound ports
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
Internet Control Message Protocol
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Internet Protocol
layer 2 switch
layer 3 switch
MAC Flood
Media Access Control (MAC) address
network layer
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
outbound ports
overhead
physical layer
ports
presentation layer
protocol stack
session layer
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
transport layer
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
virtual LAN (VLAN)
Objective Domain Matrix
Key Terms
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Understanding Local Area Networking | 15
Generally, the connection from PCs to their switch will be either 100 Mbps or 1 Gbps. Whatever
speed you decide to use must be supported by each port of the switch, as well as by each of the
computers. In this diagram, the computers are wired to the switch. Therefore, to accomplish
gigabit network speeds, the cables used would have to be Category 5e or greater (more on types
of cabling in Lesson 3).
However, the connection from the server farm to the switch in the upper left of the figure, as
well as from the super computer to its switch, should be faster than your average PC connection.
So, if the PCs on the LAN connected at 100 Mbps, the servers might be better off connecting
at 1 Gbps; similarly, if the PCs connected at 1 Gbps, the servers should connect at 10 Gbps.
High-speed connections should also be made between the three switches and the router. Now
we are looking at a more accurate representation of a network setup for our fictitious company.
However, our network documentation is going to get much more detailed as we progress. After
all, we are only in Lesson 1.
Historically, wired networks were significantly faster than wireless networks. But now, the speed
difference between the two is much smaller due to the fact that wireless networking technology
has progressed in giant leaps over the past decade or so. A wireless local area network (WLAN)
has many advantages, the most obvious of which is the ability to roam. Here, a person with
a laptop, handheld computer, PDA, or other such device can work from anywhere. However,
wireless LANs pose many security problems, and because of this, some companies have opted
not to use them in their main offices. Figure 1-16 illustrates some wireless devices.
30
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Table 3-3
(continued)
Understanding Wired and Wireless Networks | 59
Informative
Diagrams
Figure 1-16
Wireless LAN diagram
Smart Phone
PDA
Wireless Access Point
CABLING STANDARD
MEDIUM
MAXIMUM DISTANCE
1000BASE-BX10
Single-mode fiber
10 km
10GBASE-SR
10GBASE-LR
10GBASE-LRM
10GBASE-ER
Multi-mode fiber
26–82 meters
Single-mode fiber
Multi-mode fiber
10–25 km
220 meters
Single-mode fiber
40 km
When it comes to interference, a cable itself can be its worst enemy. Generally, fiber optic
cables are not affected by EMI, because they are inherently light based, not electricity based.
Although a fiber optic cable will still produce a type of electromagnetic radiation, the cable is
not traditionally affected by EMI in the same way copper-based cables are. However, if a fiber
run is installed improperly, it can give strange results when it comes to the data signal. Exact
installation rules must be followed including proper termination, specific radii for turns,
avoiding bunching, and so on. Improper installation results in the signal becoming “bent,”
which causes data loss. Chromatic dispersion is also a factor, as opposed to attenuation on
twisted-pair cables. If the light is refracted too often, again, the signal will degrade. Fiber
optic cable in general is the most secure cable, allows for the longest runs, and offers data
transfer rates that are equal to or greater than twisted-pair cable. However, due to the com-
plexity of installation, cost, and so on, fiber optic cable is not usually a first choice for all of
the individual client computer runs. Instead, it is used for backbone connections; switch con-
nections at the top of hierarchical star topologies, and other high-bandwidth or long-distance
applications.
■ Comprehending Wireless Networks
THE BOTTOM LINE
Wireless networks are everywhere. There are wireless networks for computers, handheld
devices, wide-area connections, and more. Chances are you have used a wireless network
in the past. In order to install and troubleshoot wireless networks, you must understand
the basics of wireless communications and have knowledge of the devices, standards,
frequencies, and security methods.
Identifying Wireless Devices
CERTIFICATION READY
How do you identify
wireless devices?
1.4
Wireless devices might allow for central connectivity of client computers and handheld
devices. Or, they might offer an extension of connectivity to a pre-existing wireless network
and could be used to connect entire local area networks to the Internet. In addition, some
wireless devices can be connected directly to each other in a point-to-point fashion.
By far the most well-known wireless device is the wireless access point WAP. This device
quite often also acts as a router, firewall, and IP proxy. It allows for the connectivity of various
wireless devices such as laptops, PDAs, handheld computers, and so on. It does so by making
connections via radio waves on specific frequencies. Client computers and handheld devices
must use the same frequency in order to connect to the WAP. In the following exercise, we will
identify wireless access points, wireless network adapters, and wireless bridges and repeaters.
Tablet Computer
Laptop
The wireless access point (WAP) acts as the central connecting device for the network. Today,
such networks can consist of many types of devices other than traditional PCs, including smart
phones, PDAs, tablet computers, and micro computers. Not to mention the fact that PCs and
laptops equipped with wireless network adapters can connect to these networks as well.
Wireless networks and wired networks can co-exist. In fact, in small networks, a single device
can act as a wireless access point, switch, router, and firewall! However, larger networks will
usually have one or more separate wireless access points that connect in a wired fashion to a
network switch. Also, it’s important to note that wireless access points have a limited range.
Therefore, you might need to implement multiple WAPs depending on the size of the
building and the area you want to cover.
There is also another type of LAN, the virtual LAN or VLAN. A virtual LAN is a group of
hosts with a common set of requirements that communicate as if they were connected together
in a normal fashion on one switch, regardless of their physical location.
X REF
For more information
about wired and
wireless networks, refer
to Lesson 3.
X Ref
Reader Aid
The Bottom
Line Reader
Aid
call the MOAC Toll-Free Number: 1+(888) 764-7001 (U.S. & Canada only)
www.wiley.com/college/microsoft or
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