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Fundamentals of Computer Graphics(3rd) 无水印pdf.pdf

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    Cover
    Copyright
    Contents
    Preface
    1. Introduction
    1.1 Graphics Areas
    1.2 Major Applications
    1.3 Graphics APIs
    1.4 Graphics Pipeline
    1.5 Numerical Issues
    1.6 Efficiency
    1.7 Designing and Coding Graphics Programs
    Notes
    2. Miscellaneous Math
    2.1 Sets and Mappings
    2.2 Solving Quadratic Equations
    2.3 Trigonometry
    2.4 Vectors
    2.5 Curves and Surfaces
    2.6 Linear Interpolation
    2.7 Triangles
    Frequently Asked Questions
    Notes
    Exercises
    3. Raster Images
    3.1 Raster Devices
    3.2 Images, Pixels, and Geometry
    3.3 RGB Color
    3.4 Alpha Compositing
    Frequently Asked Questions
    Exercises
    4. Ray Tracing
    4.1 The Basic Ray-Tracing Algorithm
    4.2 Perspective
    4.3 Computing Viewing Rays
    4.4 Ray-Object Intersection
    4.5 Shading
    4.6 A Ray-Tracing Program
    4.7 Shadows
    4.8 Ideal Specular Reflection
    4.9 Historical Notes
    Frequently Asked Questions
    Exercises
    5. Linear Algebra
    5.1 Determinants
    5.2 Matrices
    5.3 Computing with Matrices and Determinants
    5.4 Eigenvalues and Matrix Diagonalization
    Frequently Asked Questions
    Notes
    Exercises
    6. Transformation Matrices
    6.1 2D Linear Transformations
    6.2 3D Linear Transformations
    6.3 Translation and Affine Transformations
    6.4 Inverses of Transformation Matrices
    6.5 Coordinate Transformations
    Frequently Asked Questions
    Notes
    Exercises
    7. Viewing
    7.1 Viewing Transformations
    7.2 Projective Transformations
    7.3 Perspective Projection
    7.4 Some Properties of the Perspective Transform
    7.5 Field-of-View
    Frequently Asked Questions
    Notes
    Exercises
    8. The Graphics Pipeline
    8.1 Rasterization
    8.2 Operations Before and After Rasterization
    8.3 Simple Antialiasing
    8.4 Culling Primitives for Efficiency
    Frequently Asked Questions
    Notes
    Exercises
    9. Signal Processing
    9.1 Digital Audio: Sampling in 1D
    9.2 Convolution
    9.3 Convolution Filters
    9.4 Signal Processing for Images
    9.5 Sampling Theory
    Exercises
    10. Surface Shading
    10.1 Diffuse Shading
    10.2 Phong Shading
    10.3 Artistic Shading
    Frequently Asked Questions
    Exercises
    11. Texture Mapping
    11.1 3D Texture Mapping
    11.2 2D Texture Mapping
    11.3 Texture Mapping for Rasterized Triangles
    11.4 Bump Textures
    11.5 Displacement Mapping
    11.6 Environment Maps
    11.7 Shadow Maps
    Frequently Asked Questions
    Notes
    Exercises
    12. Data Structures for Graphics
    12.1 Triangle Meshes
    12.2 Scene Graphs
    12.3 Spatial Data Structures
    12.4 BSP Trees for Visibility
    12.5 Tiling Multidimensional Arrays
    Frequently Asked Questions
    Notes
    Exercises
    13. More Ray Tracing
    13.1 Transparency and Refraction
    13.2 Instancing
    13.3 Constructive Solid Geometry
    13.4 Distribution Ray Tracing
    Notes
    Frequently Asked Questions
    14. Sampling
    14.1 Integration
    14.2 Continuous Probability
    14.3 Monte Carlo Integration
    14.4 Choosing Random Points
    Frequently Asked Questions
    Notes
    Exercises
    15. Curves
    15.1 Curves
    15.2 Curve Properties
    15.3 Polynomial Pieces
    15.4 Putting Pieces Together
    15.5 Cubics
    15.6 Approximating Curves
    15.7 Summary
    Notes
    16. Implicit Modeling
    16.1 Implicit Functions, Skeletal Primitives and Summation Blending
    16.2 Rendering
    16.3 Space Partitioning
    16.4 More on Blending
    16.5 Constructive Solid Geometry
    16.6 Warping
    16.7 Precise Contact Modeling
    16.8 The BlobTree
    16.9 Interactive Implicit Modeling Systems
    Exercises
    17. Computer Animation
    17.1 Principles of Animation
    17.2 Keyframing
    17.3 Deformations
    17.4 Character Animation
    17.5 Physics-Based Animation
    17.6 Procedural Techniques
    17.7 Groups of Objects
    Notes
    18. Using Graphics Hardware
    18.1 What Is Graphics Hardware
    18.2 Describing Geometry for the Hardware
    18.3 Processing Geometry into Pixels
    Frequently Asked Questions
    Notes
    Exercises
    19. Building Interactive Graphics Applications
    19.1 The Ball Shooting Program
    19.2 Programming Models
    19.3 The Modelview-Controller Architecture
    19.4 Example Implementations
    19.5 Applying Our Results
    Notes
    Exercises
    20. Light
    20.1 Radiometry
    20.2 Transport Equation
    20.3 Photometry
    Frequently Asked Questions
    Notes
    Exercises
    21. Color
    21.1 Colorimetry
    21.2 Color Spaces
    21.3 Chromatic Adaptation
    21.4 Color Appearance
    Notes
    22. Visual Perception
    22.1 Vision Science
    22.2 Visual Sensitivity
    22.3 Spatial Vision
    22.4 Objects, Locations, and Events
    22.5 Picture Perception
    23. Tone Reproduction
    23.1 Classification
    23.2 Dynamic Range
    23.3 Color
    23.4 Image Formation
    23.5 Frequency-Based Operators
    23.6 Gradient-Domain Operators
    23.7 Spatial Operators
    23.8 Division
    23.9 Sigmoids
    23.10 Other Approaches
    23.11 Night Tonemapping
    23.12 Discussion
    24. Global Illumination
    24.1 Particle Tracing for Lambertian Scenes
    24.2 Path Tracing
    24.3 Accurate Direct Lighting
    Frequently Asked Questions
    Notes
    Exercises
    25. Reflection Models
    25.1 Real-World Materials
    25.2 Implementing Reflection Models
    25.3 Specular Reflection Models
    25.4 Smooth Layered Model
    25.5 Rough Layered Model
    Frequently Asked Questions
    Notes
    Exercises
    26. Computer Graphics in Games
    26.1 Platforms
    26.2 Limited Resources
    26.3 Optimization Techniques
    26.4 Game Types
    26.5 The Game Production Process
    Notes
    Exercises
    27. Visualization
    27.1 Background
    27.2 Data Types
    27.3 Human-Centered Design Process
    27.4 Visual Encoding Principles
    27.5 Interaction Principles
    27.6 Composite and Adjacent Views
    27.7 Data Reduction
    27.8 Examples
    Frequently Asked Questions
    28. Spatial-Field Visualization
    28.1 2D Scalar Fields
    28.2 3D Scalar Fields
    Frequently Asked Questions
    Exercises
    References
    i i i i i i i i
    i i i i Fundamentals of Computer Graphics Third Edition i i i i
    i i i i i i i i
    i i i i Fundamentals of Computer Graphics Third Edition Peter Shirley NVIDIA Corporation Steve Marschner Cornell University with Michael Ashikhmin Michael Gleicher Naty Hoffman Garrett Johnson Tamara Munzner Erik Reinhard Kelvin Sung William B. Thompson Peter Willemsen Brian Wyvill A K Peters Natick, Massachusetts i i i i
    CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20110714 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-6552-1 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright hold- ers of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com
    i i i i Contents Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 Graphics Areas . . . . . . . 1.2 Major Applications . . . . . Graphics APIs 1.3 . . . . . . . Graphics Pipeline . . 1.4 . . . . Numerical Issues . . 1.5 . . . . 1.6 Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . Designing and Coding Graphics Programs . 1.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Miscellaneous Math 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 . . . . . . . . Sets and Mappings . Solving Quadratic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . Trigonometry . . . . . . . . . Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . Curves and Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . Linear Interpolation . . . . Triangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Raster Images 3.1 3.2 Raster Devices . . . . . . . Images, Pixels, and Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi 1 1 3 4 4 5 7 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . 13 . . . . 17 . . . . 18 . . . . 21 . . . . 30 . . . . 44 . . . . 44 53 . . . . 54 . . . . 59 v i i i i
    i i i i vi Contents 3.3 3.4 RGB Color . . . . . Alpha Compositing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 . . . . 65 4 Ray Tracing 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 . . . . The Basic Ray-Tracing Algorithm . . . . . Perspective . . . . . Computing Viewing Rays . . . . . . . . . Ray-Object Intersection . . . . . . Shading . . . . . . . A Ray-Tracing Program . . . . . . . . . . Shadows . . . . . . . . Ideal Specular Reflection . . Historical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Linear Algebra Determinants . . . . . . . . 5.1 5.2 Matrices . . . 5.3 5.4 . . . . . . . . Computing with Matrices and Determinants . . . . . . . Eigenvalues and Matrix Diagonalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Transformation Matrices 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 . . . . . . . . . . . 2D Linear Transformations . 3D Linear Transformations . . . . Translation and Affine Transformations . Inverses of Transformation Matrices . . . . . . Coordinate Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Viewing 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 . . . . Viewing Transformations . . . . . . Projective Transformations . Perspective Projection . . . . . . . Some Properties of the Perspective Transform . . Field-of-View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 The Graphics Pipeline Rasterization . . . . . . . . Operations Before and After Rasterization . . . . . . . . Simple Antialiasing . . . . . Culling Primitives for Efficiency . . . . . . 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 . . . . 70 . . . . 71 . . . . 73 . . . . 76 . . . . 81 . . . . 84 . . . . 86 . . . . 87 . . . . 88 91 . . . . 91 . . . . 93 . . . . 98 . . . . 103 111 . . . . 111 . . . . 125 . . . . 130 . . . . 134 . . . . 135 141 . . . . 142 . . . . 148 . . . . 151 . . . . 156 . . . . 156 161 . . . . 162 . . . . 173 . . . . 180 . . . . 181 i i i i
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