2017 年山东青岛科技大学英语综合考试考研真题 PART I LINGUISTICS (60 points) Section I Define the following terms (20 points) Give the definition of each term in no less than 50 words. 1. frequency effect 2. linguistics 3. morpheme 4. illocutionary act Section II Essay questions (40 points) Answer each of the following questions in no less than 100 words. 1. Illustrate the distinctions between competence and performance. 2. What are the metafunctions of language in the functional grammar? 3. What are the distinctions between diachronic and synchronic studies of language? 

4. Give some of the major contributions to modern linguistics made by Saussure. PART II TRANSLATION (60 points) Section I Translate the following passage into Chinese (20 points) A European lately arrived in China, if he is of a receptive and reflective disposition, finds himself confronted with a number of very puzzling questions, for many of which the problems of Western Europe will not have prepared him. Russian problems, it is true, have important affinities with those of China, but they have also important differences; moreover they are decidedly less complex. Chinese problems, even if they affected no one outside China, would be of vast importance, since the Chinese are estimated to constitute about a quarter of the human race. In fact, however, all the world will be vitally affected by the development of Chinese affairs, which may well prove a decisive factor, for good or evil, during the next two centuries. This makes it important, to Europe and America almost as much as to Asia, that there should be an intelligent understanding of the questions raised by China, even if, as yet, definite answers are difficult to give. ----From “The Problem of China” by Bertrand Russell Section II Translate the following passage into English (20 points) 可是拿狗来比猫，可又变成个不大可怕的东西了。狗只能咬你的身体，猫却会蚕食你的 灵魂，这当然是迷信，但是也很有来由。我第一次怕起猫来是念了爱伦坡的短片小说《黑猫》。 里面叙述一个人打死一只黑猫，此后遇了许多不幸事情，而他每次在不幸事情发生的地点都 看到那只猫的幻形，狞笑著。后来有一时期我喜欢念外国鬼怪故事，知道了女巫都是会变猫 的，当赴撒旦狂舞会时候，个个女巫用一种油涂在身上，念念有词，就化成一只猫从层顶飞 跳去了。中国人所谓狐狸猫，也是同样变幻多端，善迷人心灵的畜生，你看，猫的脚跳地无 声，猫的眼睛总是似有意识的，它永远是那么偷偷地潜行，行到你身旁，行到你心里。 ——选自梁遇春《猫狗》 Section III Translate the following passage into English (20 points) 古之师也以道。今之师也以艺。古之为师者。得之于心。征之于事。本于礼乐诗书。达之家 国天下。大用之大效。小用之小效。故曰道也。今之为师者。本之于心。征之于言。始之占 

毕训诂。终之以文词。而其实归于无用。则艺焉而已。夫人材者所以用天下者也。人材之盛 衰。由师道之得失。天下日竞于无用之艺。而欲以求古者明体达用之材。其不可得也审矣。 ——选自夏之蓉《师说》 PART III WRITING (30 points) Write an essay of at least 300 words, and present your own perspective on the effects of examinations on teachers’ teaching and students’ learning, using relevant reasons and/or examples to support your views on the topic.