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OpenGL Programming Guide: The Official Guide to Learning OpenGL (8th Edition).pdf

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    Contents
    Figures
    Tables
    Examples
    About This Guide
    What This Guide Contains
    What’s New in This Edition
    What You Should Know Before Reading This Guide
    How to Obtain the Sample Code
    Errata
    Style Conventions
    1. Introduction to OpenGL
    What Is OpenGL?
    Your First Look at an OpenGL Program
    OpenGL Syntax
    OpenGL’s Rendering Pipeline
    Preparing to Send Data to OpenGL
    Sending Data to OpenGL
    Vertex Shading
    Tessellation Shading
    Geometry Shading
    Primitive Assembly
    Clipping
    Rasterization
    Fragment Shading
    Per-Fragment Operations
    Our First Program: A Detailed Discussion
    Entering main()
    OpenGL Initialization
    Our First OpenGL Rendering
    2. Shader Fundamentals
    Shaders and OpenGL
    OpenGL’s Programmable Pipeline
    An Overview of the OpenGL Shading Language
    Creating Shaders with GLSL
    Storage Qualifiers
    Statements
    Computational Invariance
    Shader Preprocessor
    Compiler Control
    Global Shader-Compilation Option
    Interface Blocks
    Uniform Blocks
    Specifying Uniform Blocks in Shaders
    Accessing Uniform Blocks from Your Application
    Buffer Blocks
    In/Out Blocks
    Compiling Shaders
    Our LoadShaders() Function
    Shader Subroutines
    GLSL Subroutine Setup
    Selecting Shader Subroutines
    Separate Shader Objects
    3. Drawing with OpenGL
    OpenGL Graphics Primitives
    Points
    Lines, Strips, and Loops
    Triangles, Strips, and Fans
    Data in OpenGL Buffers
    Creating and Allocating Buffers
    Getting Data into and out of Buffers
    Accessing the Content of Buffers
    Discarding Buffer Data
    Vertex Specification
    VertexAttribPointer in Depth
    Static Vertex-Attribute Specification
    OpenGL Drawing Commands
    Restarting Primitives
    Instanced Rendering
    Instanced Vertex Attributes
    Using the Instance Counter in Shaders
    Instancing Redux
    4. Color, Pixels, and Framebuffers
    Basic Color Theory
    Buffers and Their Uses
    Clearing Buffers
    Masking Buffers
    Color and OpenGL
    Color Representation and OpenGL
    Vertex Colors
    Rasterization
    Multisampling
    Sample Shading
    Testing and Operating on Fragments
    Scissor Test
    Multisample Fragment Operations
    Stencil Test
    Stencil Examples
    Depth Test
    Blending
    Blending Factors
    Controlling Blending Factors
    The Blending Equation
    Dithering
    Logical Operations
    Occlusion Query
    Conditional Rendering
    Per-Primitive Antialiasing
    Antialiasing Lines
    Antialiasing Polygons
    Framebuffer Objects
    Renderbuffers
    Creating Renderbuffer Storage
    Framebuffer Attachments
    Framebuffer Completeness
    Invalidating Framebuffers
    Writing to Multiple Renderbuffers Simultaneously
    Selecting Color Buffers for Writing and Reading
    Dual-Source Blending
    Reading and Copying Pixel Data
    Copying Pixel Rectangles
    5. Viewing Transformations, Clipping, and Feedback
    Viewing
    Viewing Model
    Camera Model
    Orthographic Viewing Model
    User Transformations
    Matrix Multiply Refresher
    Homogeneous Coordinates
    Linear Transformations and Matrices
    Transforming Normals
    OpenGL Matrices
    OpenGL Transformations
    Advanced: User Clipping
    Transform Feedback
    Transform Feedback Objects
    Transform Feedback Buffers
    Configuring Transform Feedback Varyings
    Starting and Stopping Transform Feedback
    Transform Feedback Example---Particle System
    6. Textures
    Texture Mapping
    Basic Texture Types
    Creating and Initializing Textures
    Texture Formats
    Proxy Textures
    Specifying Texture Data
    Explicitly Setting Texture Data
    Using Pixel Unpack Buffers
    Copying Data from the Framebuffer
    Loading Images from Files
    Retrieving Texture Data
    Texture Data Layout
    Sampler Objects
    Sampler Parameters
    Using Textures
    Texture Coordinates
    Arranging Texture Data
    Using Multiple Textures
    Complex Texture Types
    3D Textures
    Array Textures
    Cube-Map Textures
    Shadow Samplers
    Depth-Stencil Textures
    Buffer Textures
    Texture Views
    Compressed Textures
    Filtering
    Linear Filtering
    Using and Generating Mipmaps
    Calculating the Mipmap Level
    Mipmap Level-of-Detail Control
    Advanced Texture Lookup Functions
    Explicit Level of Detail
    Explicit Gradient Specification
    Texture Fetch with Offsets
    Projective Texturing
    Texture Queries in Shaders
    Gathering Texels
    Combining Special Functions
    Point Sprites
    Textured Point Sprites
    Controlling the Appearance of Points
    Rendering to Texture Maps
    Discarding Rendered Data
    Chapter Summary
    Texture Redux
    Texture Best Practices
    7. Light and Shadow
    Lighting Introduction
    Classic Lighting Model
    Fragment Shaders for Different Light Styles
    Moving Calculations to the Vertex Shader
    Multiple Lights and Materials
    Lighting Coordinate Systems
    Limitations of the Classic Lighting Model
    Advanced Lighting Models
    Hemisphere Lighting
    Image-Based Lighting
    Lighting with Spherical Harmonics
    Shadow Mapping
    Creating a Shadow Map
    8. Procedural Texturing
    Procedural Texturing
    Regular Patterns
    Toy Ball
    Lattice
    Procedural Shading Summary
    Bump Mapping
    Application Setup
    Vertex Shader
    Fragment Shader
    Normal Maps
    Antialiasing Procedural Textures
    Sources of Aliasing
    Avoiding Aliasing
    Increasing Resolution
    Antialiasing High Frequencies
    Frequency Clamping
    Procedural Antialiasing Summary
    Noise
    Definition of Noise
    Noise Textures
    Trade-offs
    A Simple Noise Shader
    Turbulence
    Marble
    Granite
    Wood
    Noise Summary
    Further Information
    9. Tessellation Shaders
    Tessellation Shaders
    Tessellation Patches
    Tessellation Control Shaders
    Generating Output-Patch Vertices
    Tessellation Control Shader Variables
    Controlling Tessellation
    Tessellation Evaluation Shaders
    Specifying the Primitive Generation Domain
    Specifying the Face Winding for Generated Primitives
    Specifying the Spacing of Tessellation Coordinates
    Additional Tessellation Evaluation Shader layout Options
    Specifying a Vertex’s Position
    Tessellation Evaluation Shader Variables
    A Tessellation Example: The Teapot
    Processing Patch Input Vertices
    Evaluating Tessellation Coordinates for the Teapot
    Additional Tessellation Techniques
    View-Dependent Tessellation
    Shared Tessellated Edges and Cracking
    Displacement Mapping
    10. Geometry Shaders
    Creating a Geometry Shader
    Geometry Shader Inputs and Outputs
    Geometry Shader Inputs
    Special Geometry Shader Primitives
    Geometry Shader Outputs
    Producing Primitives
    Culling Geometry
    Geometry Amplification
    Advanced Transform Feedback
    Multiple Output Streams
    Primitive Queries
    Using Transform Feedback Results
    Geometry Shader Instancing
    Multiple Viewports and Layered Rendering
    Viewport Index
    Layered Rendering
    Chapter Summary
    Geometry Shader Redux
    Geometry Shader Best Practices
    11. Memory
    Using Textures for Generic Data Storage
    Binding Textures to Image Units
    Reading from and Writing to Images
    Shader Storage Buffer Objects
    Writing Structured Data
    Atomic Operations and Synchronization
    Atomic Operations on Images
    Atomic Operations on Buffers
    Sync Objects
    Image Qualifiers and Barriers
    High Performance Atomic Counters
    Example
    Order-Independent Transparency
    12. Compute Shaders
    Overview
    Workgroups and Dispatch
    Knowing Where You Are
    Communication and Synchronization
    Communication
    Synchronization
    Examples
    Physical Simulation
    Image Processing
    Chapter Summary
    Compute Shader Redux
    Compute Shader Best Practices
    A. Basics of GLUT: The OpenGL Utility Toolkit
    Initializing and Creating a Window
    Accessing Functions
    Handling Window and Input Events
    Managing a Background Process
    Running the Program
    B. OpenGL ES and WebGL
    OpenGL ES
    WebGL
    Setting up WebGL within an HTML5 page
    Initializing Shaders in WebGL
    Initializing Vertex Data in WebGL
    Using Texture Maps in WebGL
    C. Built-in GLSL Variables and Functions
    Built-in Variables
    Built-in Variable Declarations
    Built-in Variable Descriptions
    Built-in Constants
    Built-in Functions
    Angle and Trigonometry Functions
    Exponential Functions
    Common Functions
    Floating-Point Pack and Unpack Functions
    Geometric Functions
    Matrix Functions
    Vector Relational Functions
    Integer Functions
    Texture Functions
    Atomic-Counter Functions
    Atomic Memory Functions
    Image Functions
    Fragment Processing Functions
    Noise Functions
    Geometry Shader Functions
    Shader Invocation Control Functions
    Shader Memory Control Functions
    D. State Variables
    The Query Commands
    OpenGL State Variables
    Current Values and Associated Data
    Vertex Array Object State
    Vertex Array Data
    Buffer Object State
    Transformation State
    Coloring State
    Rasterization State
    Multisampling
    Textures
    Textures
    Textures
    Textures
    Texture Environment
    Pixel Operations
    Framebuffer Controls
    Framebuffer State
    Framebuffer State
    Frambuffer State
    Renderbuffer State
    Renderbuffer State
    Pixel State
    Shader Object State
    Shader Program Pipeline Object State
    Shader Program Object State
    Program Interface State
    Program Object Resource State
    Vertex and Geometry Shader State
    Query Object State
    Image State
    Transform Feedback State
    Atomic Counter State
    Shader Storage Buffer State
    Sync Object State
    Hints
    Compute Dispatch State
    Implementation-Dependent Values
    Tessellation Shader Implementation-Dependent Limits
    Geometry Shader Implementation-Dependent Limits
    Fragment Shader Implementation-Dependent Limits
    Implementation-Dependent Compute Shader Limits
    Implementation-Dependent Shader Limits
    Implementation-Dependent Debug Output State
    Implementation-Dependent Values
    Internal Format-Dependent Values
    Implementation-Dependent Transform Feedback Limits
    Framebuffer-Dependent Values
    Miscellaneous
    E. Homogeneous Coordinates and Transformation Matrices
    Homogeneous Coordinates
    Transforming Vertices
    Transforming Normals
    Transformation Matrices
    Translation
    Scaling
    Rotation
    Perspective Projection
    Orthographic Projection
    F. OpenGL and Window Systems
    Accessing New OpenGL Functions
    GLEW: The OpenGL Extension Wrangler
    GLX: OpenGL Extension for the X Window System
    Initialization
    Controlling Rendering
    GLX Prototypes
    WGL: OpenGL Extensions for Microsoft Windows
    Initialization
    Controlling Rendering
    WGL Prototypes
    OpenGL in MacOSX: The Core OpenGL (CGL) API and the NSOpenGL Classes
    Mac OS X’s Core OpenGL Library
    Initialization
    Controlling Rendering
    CGL Prototypes
    The NSOpenGL Classes
    Initialization
    G. Floating-Point Formats for Textures, Framebuffers, and Renderbuffers
    Reduced-Precision Floating-Point Values
    16-bit Floating-Point Values
    10- and 11-bit Unsigned Floating-Point Values
    H. Debugging and Profiling OpenGL
    Creating a Debug Context
    Debug Output
    Debug Messages
    Filtering Messages
    Application-Generated Messages
    Debug Groups
    Naming Objects
    Profiling
    Profiling Tools
    In-Application Profiling
    I. Buffer Object Layouts
    Using Standard Layout Qualifiers
    The std140 Layout Rules
    The std430 Layout Rules
    Glossary
    A
    B
    C
    D
    E
    F
    G
    H
    I
    J
    L
    M
    N
    O
    P
    Q
    R
    S
    T
    U
    V
    W
    X
    Z
    Index
    A
    B
    C
    D
    E
    F
    G
    H
    I
    J
    L
    M
    N
    O
    P
    Q
    R
    S
    T
    U
    V
    W
    X
    Z
    www.it-ebooks.info ptg9898810
    Praise for OpenGLR EighthEdition ProgrammingGuide, ‘‘Wow! This book is basically one-stop shopping for OpenGL information. It is the kind of book that I will be reaching for a lot. Thanks to Dave, Graham, John, and Bill for an amazing effort.’’ ---Mike Bailey, professor, Oregon State University ‘‘The most recent Red Book parallels the grand tradition of OpenGL; continuous evolution towards ever-greater power and efficiency. The eighth edition contains up-to-the minute information about the latest standard and new features, along with a solid grounding in modern OpenGL techniques that will work anywhere. The Red Book continues to be an essential reference for all new employees at my simulation company. What else can be said about this essential guide? I laughed, I cried, it was much better than Cats---I’ll read it again and again.’’ ---Bob Kuehne, president, Blue Newt Software ‘‘OpenGL has undergone enormous changes since its inception twenty years ago. This new edition is your practical guide to using the OpenGL of today. Modern OpenGL is centered on the use of shaders, and this edition of the Programming Guide jumps right in, with shaders covered in depth in Chapter 2. It continues in later chapters with even more specifics on everything from texturing to compute shaders. No matter how well you know it or how long you’ve been doing it, if you are going to write an OpenGL program, you want to have a copy of the OpenGL R Programming Guide handy.’’ ---Marc Olano, associate professor, UMBC ‘‘If you are looking for the definitive guide to programming with the very latest version of OpenGL, look no further. The authors of this book have been deeply involved in the creation of OpenGL 4.3, and everything you need to know about the cutting edge of this industry-leading API is laid out here in a clear, logical, and insightful manner.’’ ---Neil Trevett, president, Khronos Group
    This page intentionally left blank www.it-ebooks.info ptg9898810
    OpenGLR Programming Guide Eighth Edition www.it-ebooks.info ptg9898810
    www.it-ebooks.info ptg9898810
    OpenGLR Programming Guide Eighth Edition The Official Guide to Learning OpenGL R, Version 4.3 Dave Shreiner Graham Sellers John Kessenich Bill Licea-Kane The Khronos OpenGL ARB Working Group Upper Saddle River, NJ • Boston • Indianapolis • San Francisco New York • Toronto • Montreal • London • Munich • Paris • Madrid Capetown • Sydney • Tokyo • Singapore • Mexico City www.it-ebooks.info ptg9898810
    Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The publisher offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales, which may include electronic versions and/or custom covers and content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, and branding interests. For more information, please contact: U.S. Corporate and Government Sales (800) 382-3419 corpsales@pearsontechgroup.com For sales outside the United States, please contact: International Sales international@pearsoned.com Visit us on the Web: informit.com/aw Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data OpenGL programming guide : the official guide to learning OpenGL, version 4.3 / Dave Shreiner, Graham Sellers, John Kessenich, Bill Licea-Kane ; the Khronos OpenGL ARB Working Group.---Eighth edition. pages cm Includes index. ISBN 978-0-321-77303-6 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Computer graphics. 2. OpenGL. I. Shreiner, Dave. II. Sellers, Graham. III. Kessenich, John M. IV. Licea-Kane, Bill. V. Khronos OpenGL ARB Working Group. T385.O635 2013 006.6’63---dc23 Copyright C 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to (201) 236-3290. 2012043324 ISBN-13: 978-0-321-77303-6 ISBN-10: 0-321-77303-9 Text printed in the United States on recycled paper at Edwards Brothers Malloy in Ann Arbor, Michigan. First printing, March 2013 www.it-ebooks.info ptg9898810
    For my family---Vicki, Bonnie, Bob, Cookie, Goatee, Phantom, Squiggles, Tuxedo, and Toby. ---DRS To Emily: welcome, we’re so glad you’re here! Chris and J.: you still rock! ---GJAS In memory of Phil Karlton, Celeste Fowler, Joan Eslinger, and Ben Cheatham. www.it-ebooks.info ptg9898810
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