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光纤通信系统_Fiber-Optic Communication Systems_美国Govind P. Agrawal阿戈沃.pdf
1 Introduction
1.1 Historical Perspective
Need for Fiber-Optic Communications
Evolution of Lightwave Systems
1.2 Basic Concepts
Analog and Digital Signals
Channel Multiplexing
123. Modulat10n Formats
1.3 Optical Communication Systems
1.4 Lightwave System Components
14 1 Optical Fibers as a Commumcation Channel
Optical Transmitters
Optical Receivers
Problems
References
2 Optical Fibers
2.1 Geometrical-Optics Description
Step-Index Fibers
Graded-Index Fibers
2.2 Wave Propagation
Maxwell's Equations
Fiber Modes
Single-Mode Fibers
2.3 Dispersion in Single-Mode Fibers
Group-Velocity Dispersion
Material Dispersion
Waveguide Dispersion
Higher-Order Dispersion
Polarization-Mode Dispersion
2.4 Dispersion-Induced Limitations
Basic Propagation Equation
Chirped Gaussian Pulses
Limitations on the Bit Rate
Fiber Bandwidth
2.5 Fiber Losses
Attenuation Coefficient
Material Absorption
Rayleigh Scattering
Waveguide Imperfections
2.6 Nonlinear Optical Effects
Stimulated Light Scattering
Nonlinear Phase Modulation
Four-Wave Mixing
2.7 Fiber Design and Fabrication
Silica Fibers
Plastic Optical Fibers
Cables and Connectors
Problems
References
3 Optical Transmitters
3.1 Semiconductor Laser Physics
Spontaneous and Stimulated Emissions
Nonradiative Recombination
Optical Gain
Feedback and Laser Threshold
Longitudinal Modes
Laser Structures
3.2 Single-Mode Semiconductor Lasers
Distributed Feedback Lasers
Coupled-Cavity Semiconductor Lasers
Tunable Semiconductor Lasers
Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers
33. Laser Characteristics
CW Characteristics
Modulation Bandwidth
Relative Intensity Noise
Spectral Linewidth
3.4 Optical Signal Generation
Direct Modulation
External Modulation
3.5 Light-Emitting Diodes
CW Characteristics
Modulation Response
LED Structures
3.6 Transmitter Design
Source-Fiber Coupling
Driving Circuitry
Reliability and Packaging
Problems
References
4 Optical Receivers
4.1 Basic Concepts
Responsivity and Quantum Efficiency
Rise Time and Bandwidth
4.2 Common Photodetectors
p-n Photodiodes
p-i-n Photodiodes
Avalanche Photodiodes
MSM Photodetectors
4.3 Receiver Design
Front End
Linear Channel
Dec1s1on Circmt
Integrated Receivers
4.4 Receiver N01se
Noise Mechanisms
p-i-n Receivers
APD Receivers
4.5 Coherent Detect10n
Local Oscillator
Homodyne Detection
Heterodyne Detection
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
4.6 Receiver Sensitivity
Bit-Error Rate
Minimum Received Power
Quantum Limit of Photodetection
4.7 Sensitivity Degradation
Extinction Ratio
Intensity Noise
Timing Jitter
4.8 Receiver Performance
Problems
References
5 Lightwave Systems
5.1 System Architectures
Point-to-Point Links
Distribution Networks
Local-Area Networks
5.2 Design Guidelines
Loss-Limited Lightwave Systems
Dispersion-Limited Lightwave Systems
Power Budget
Rise-Time Budget
5.3 Long-Haul Systems
Performance-Limiting Factors
Terrestrial Lightwave Systems
Undersea Lightwave Systems
5.4 Sources of Power Penalty
Modal Noise
Mode-Partition Noise
Reflection Feedback and Noise
Dispersive Pulse Broadening
Frequency Chirping
Eye-Closure Penalty
5.5 Forward Error Correction
Error-Correcting Codes
Coding Gain
5.6 Computer-Aided Design
Problems
References
6 Multichannel Systems
6.1 WDM Lightwave Systems
High-Capacity Point-to-Point Links
Wide-Area and Metro-Area Networks
Multiple-Access WDM Networks
6.2 WDM Components
l Tunable Optical Filters
Multiplexers and Demultiplexers
Add-Drop Multiplexers and Filters
Star Couplers
Wavelength Routers
WDM Transmitters and Receivers
6.3 System Performance Issues
Heterowavelength Linear Crosstalk
Homowavelength Linear Crosstalk
Nonlinear Raman Crosstalk
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
Cross-Phase Modulation
Four-Wave Mixing
Other Design Issues
6.4 Time-Division Multiplexing
Channel Multiplexing
Channel Demultiplexing ．．．
System Performance
6.5 Subcarrier Multiplexing
Analog and Digital SCM Systems
Multiwavelength SCM Systems
Orthogonal Frequency-Division multiplexing
6.6 Code-Division Multiplexing '
Time-Domain Encoding
Frequency-Domain Encoding
Frequency Hoppmg
Problems
References
7 Loss Management
7.1 Compensat10n of Fiber Losses
Periodic Amplification Scheme
Lumped Versus Distributed Amplification
Bidirectional Pumping Scheme
7.2 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers
Pumping and Gain Spectrum
Two-Level Model
Amplifier Noise
Multichannel Amplification
7.3 Raman Amplifiers
Raman Gain and Bandwidth
Raman-Induced Signal Gain
Multiple-Pump Raman Amplification
Noise Figure of Raman Amplifiers
7.4 Optical Signal-To-Noise Ratio
Lumped Amplification
Distributed Amplification
7.5 Electrical Signal-To-Noise Ratio
ASE-Induced Current Fluctuations
Impact of ASE on SNR
Noise Buildup in an Amplifier Chain
7.6 Receiver Sensitivity and Q Factor
Bit-Error Rate
Relation between Q Factor and Optical SNR
7.7 Role of Dispersive and Nonlinear Effects
Noise Growth through Modulation Instability
Noise-Induced Signal Degradation
Noise-Induced Energy Fluctuations
Noise-Induced Timing Jitter
7.8 Periodically Amplified Lightwave Systems
Numerical Approach
Optimum Launched Power
Problems
References
8 Dispersion Management
8.1 Dispersion Problem and Its Solution
8.2 Dispersion-Compensating Fibers
Conditions for Dispersion Compensation
Dispersion Maps
DCF Designs
8.3 Fiber Bragg Gratings
Constant-Period Gratings
Chirped Fiber Gratings
Sampled Gratings
8.4 Dispersion-Equalizing Filters
Gi'res-Toum01s Filters
Mach-Zehnder Filters
Other All-Pass Filters
8.5 Optical Phase Conjugation
Principle of Operation
Compensation of Self-Phase Modulation
Generation of Phase-Conjugated Signal
8.6 Channels at High Bit Rates
Tunable Dispersion Compensation
Higher-Order Dispersion Management
PMD Compensat1on
8.7 Electronic Dispersion Compensation
Basic Idea behind GVD Precompensation
Precompensation at the Transmitter
Dispersion Compensation at the Receiver
Problems
References
9 Control of Nonlinear Effects
9.1 Impact of Fiber Nonlinearity
System Design Issues
2. Semtanalyttc Approach
Soliton and Pseudo-linear Regimes
9.2 Solitons in Optical Fibers
Properties of Optical Solitons
Loss-Managed Solitons
9.3 Dispersion-Managed Solitons
Dispersion-Decreasing Fibers
Periodic Dispersion Maps
Design Issues
Timing Jitter
Control of Timing Jitter
9.4 Pseudo-linear Lightwave Systems
Origin oflntrachannel Nonlinear Effects.
Intrachannel Cross-Phase Modulation
Intrachannel Four-Wave Mixing
9.5 Control of Intrachannel Nonlinear Effects
Optimization of Dispersion Maps
Phase-Alternation Techniques
3. Polanzat1on Bit Interleaving
Problems
References
10 Advanced Lightwave Systems
IO.I Advanced Modulation Formats
Encoding of Optical Signals
Amplitude and Phase Modulators
10.2 Demodulation Schemes
Synchronous Heterodyne Demodulation
Asynchronous Heterodyne Demodulation
Optical Delay Demodulation
10.3 Shot Noise and Bit-Error Rate
Synchronous Heterodyne Receivers
Asynchronous Heterodyne Receivers
Receivers with Delay Demodulation
10.4 Sensitivity Degradation Mechanisms
Intensity Noise of Lasers
Phase Noise of Lasers
Signal Polarization Fluctuations
Noise Added by Optical Amplifiers
Fiber Dispersion
10.5 Impact of Nonlinear Effect s
Nonlinear Phase Noise
Effect of Fiber Dispersion
Compensation of Nonlinear Phase Noise
10.6 Recent Progress
Systems with the DBPSK format
Systems with the DQPSK format
QAM and Related formats
Systems Employing Orthogonal FDM
10.7 Ultimate Channel Capacity
Problems
References
11Optical Signal Processing
11.1 Nonlinear Techniques and Devices
Nonlinear Optical Loop Mirrors
Parametric Amplifiers
Nonlinear Effects in Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers
Bistable Optical Devices
11.2 All-Optical Flip-Flops
Semiconductor Lasers and SOAs
Coupled Semiconductor Lasers and SOAs
11.3 Wavelength Converters
XPM-Based Wavelength Converters
FWM-Based Wavelength Converters
Passive Semiconductor Waveguides
SOA-Based Wavelength Converters
11.4 Ultrafast Optical Switching
Time-Domain Demultiplexing
Data-Format Conversion
Packet Switching
11.5 Optical Regenerators
Fiber-Based 2R Regenerators
SOA-Based 2R Regenerators
Fiber-Based 3R Regenerators
SOA-Based 3R Regenerators
Regeneration of Phase-Encoded Signals
Problems
References
FIBER-OPTIC
COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
Fourth Edition
Govind P. Agrawal
The Institute of Optics
University of Rochester
Rochester, New York
@Q
WILEY
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
This page intentionally left blank
FIBER-OPTIC
COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
WILEY SERIES IN MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL ENGINEERING
KAI CHANG, Editor
Texas A&M University
A complete list of the titles in this series appears at the end of this volume.
FIBER-OPTIC
COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
Fourth Edition
Govind P. Agrawal
The Institute of Optics
University of Rochester
Rochester, New York
@Q
WILEY
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
Copyright © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
Published simultaneously in Canada.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as per-
mitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written
permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the
Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978)
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Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Agrawal, G. P. (Govind P.), 1951-
Fiber-optic communication systems with cd / Govind P. Agrawal. — 4th ed.
p. cm. — (Wiley series in microwave and optical engineering ; 222)
ISBN 978-0-470-50511-3 (hardback)
1. Optical communications. 2. Fiber optics. I. Title.
TK5103.59.A37 2010
621.38275—dc22
2010023284
Printed in the United States of America.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21
To the memory of my Parents
To Anne, Sipra, Caroline, and Claire
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