Beginning C(5th) 无水印pdf.pdf

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Cover

Contents at a Glance

Contents

About the Author

About the Technical Reviewer

Acknowledgments

Introduction

1: Programming in C

The C Language

The Standard Library

Learning C

Creating C Programs

Editing

Compiling

Linking

Executing

Creating Your First Program

Editing Your First Program

Dealing with Errors

Dissecting a Simple Program

Comments

Preprocessing Directives

Defining the main() Function

Keywords

The Body of a Function

Outputting Information

Function Arguments

Control Characters

Trigraph Sequences

The Preprocessor

Developing Programs in C

Understanding the Problem

Detailed Design

Implementation

Testing

Functions and Modular Programming

Common Mistakes

Points to Remember

Summary

2: First Steps in Programming

Memory in Your Computer

What Is a Variable?

Naming Variables

Variables That Store Integers

Using Variables

Initializing Variables

Basic Arithmetic Operations

More on Structure Members

Structures As Members of a Structure

Declaring a Structure Within a Structure

Pointers to Structures As Structure Members

Doubly Linked Lists

Bit Fields in a Structure

Structures and Functions

Structures As Arguments to Functions

Pointers to Structures As Function Arguments

Structure As a Function Return Value

Binary Trees

Ordering Data in a Binary Tree

Constructing a Binary Tree

Traversing a Binary Tree

Sharing Memory

Designing a Program

The Problem

The Analysis

The Solution

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Summary

12: Working with Files

The Concept of a File

Positions in a File

File Streams

Accessing Files

Opening a File

Write Mode

Append Mode

Read Mode

Buffering File Operations

Renaming a File

Closing a File

Deleting a File

Writing a Text File

Reading a Text File

Reading and Writing Strings to a Text File

Formatted File Input and Output

Formatted Output to a File

Formatted Input from a File

Dealing with Errors

More Open Modes for Text Files

The freopen_s() Function

Binary File Input and Output

Opening a File in Binary Mode

Writing a Binary File

Reading a Binary File

Moving Around in a File

File Positioning Operations

Finding Out Where You Are

Setting a Position in a File

Using Temporary Work Files

Creating a Temporary Work File

Creating a Unique File Name

Updating Binary Files

Changing the Contents of a File

Creating a Record from Keyboard Input

Writing a Record to a File

Reading a Record from a File

Writing a File

Listing the File Contents

Updating the Existing File Contents

File Open Modes Summary

Designing a Program

The Problem

The Analysis

The Solution

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Summary

13: The Preprocessor and Debugging

Preprocessing

Including Header Files

Defining Your Own Header Files

Managing Multiple Source Files

External Variables

Static Functions

Substitutions in Your Program Source Code

Macros

Macros That Look Like Functions

Strings As Macro Arguments

Joining Two Arguments in a Macro Expansion

Preprocessor Directives on Multiple Lines

Logical Preprocessor Directives

Conditional Compilation

Testing for Multiple Conditions

Undefining Identifiers

Testing for Specific Values for Identifiers

Multiple-Choice Selections

Standard Preprocessing Macros

Debugging Methods

Integrated Debuggers

The Preprocessor in Debugging

Assertions

Runtime Assertions

Switching Off Assertions

Compile-Time Assertions

Date and Time Functions

Getting Time Values

Getting the Date

Getting the Day for a Date

Summary

14: Advanced and Specialized Topics

Working with International Character Sets

Understanding Unicode

Setting the Locale

The Wide Character Type wchar_t

Storing Wide Characters

Operations on Wide Characters

Working with Wide Character Strings

Operations on Wide Character Strings

File Stream Operations with Wide Characters

Fixed Size Types That Store Unicode Characters

Specialized Integer Types for Portability

Fixed Width Integer Types

Minimum Width Integer Types

Maximum Width Integer Types

The Complex Number Types

Complex Number Basics

Complex Types and Operations

Programming with Threads

Creating a Thread

Exiting a Thread

Joining One Thread to Another

Suspending a Thread

Managing Thread Access to Data

Creating a Mutex

Acquiring a Mutex

Releasing a Mutex

Summary

Appendix A: Computer Arithmetic

Binary Numbers

Hexadecimal Numbers

Negative Binary Numbers

Big-Endian and Little-Endian Systems

Floating-Point Numbers

Appendix B: ASCII Character Code Definitions

Appendix C: Reserved Words in C

Appendix D: Input and Output Format Specifications

Output Format Specifications

Input Format Specifications

Appendix E: Standard Library Header Files

Index

For your convenience Apress has placed some of the front matter material after the index. Please use the Bookmarks and Contents at a Glance links to access them.

Contents at a Glance About the Author �� xxi About the Technical Reviewer �� xxiii Acknowledgments �� xxv Introduction �� xxvii ■ Chapter 1: Programming in C ��1 ■ Chapter 2: First Steps in Programming ��25 ■ Chapter 3: Making Decisions ��85 ■ Chapter 4: Loops ��135 ■ Chapter 5: Arrays ��185 ■ Chapter 6: Applications with Strings and Text ��219 ■ Chapter 7: Pointers ��263 ■ Chapter 8: Structuring Your Programs ��321 ■ Chapter 9: More on Functions ��349 ■ Chapter 10: Essential Input and Output ��395 ■ Chapter 11: Structuring Data ��429 ■ Chapter 12: Working with Files ��489 ■ Chapter 13: The Preprocessor and Debugging ��557 ■ Chapter 14: Advanced and Specialized Topics ��589 v

■ Contents at a GlanCe ■ Appendix A: Computer Arithmetic ��621 ■ Appendix B: ASCII Character Code Definitions ��629 ■ Appendix C: Reserved Words in C ��635 ■ Appendix D: Input and Output Format Specifications ��637 ■ Appendix E: Standard Library Header Files ��643 Index ��645 vi

Introduction Welcome to Beginning C: Fifth Edition. With this book you can become a competent C programmer using the latest version of the C language. In many ways, C is an ideal language with which to learn programming. It’s very compact, so there isn’t a lot of syntax to learn before you can write real applications. In spite of its conciseness, it’s extremely powerful and is used by professionals in many different areas. The power of C is such that it can be applied at all levels, from developing device drivers and operating system components to creating large-scale applications. A relatively new area for C is in application development for mobile phones. C compilers are available for virtually every kind of computer, so when you’ve learned C, you’ll be equipped to program in just about any context. Once you know C, you have an excellent base from which you can build an understanding of the object-oriented C++. My objective in this book is to minimize what I think are the three main hurdles the aspiring programmer must face: coming to grips with the jargon that pervades every programming language, understanding how to use the language elements (as opposed to merely knowing what they are), and appreciating how the language is applied in a practical context. Jargon is an invaluable and virtually indispensable means of communication for the expert professional as well as the competent amateur, so it can’t be avoided. My approach is to ensure that you understand the jargon and get comfortable using it in context. In this way, you’ll be able to more effectively use the documentation that comes along with the typical programming product and also feel comfortable reading and learning from the literature that surrounds most programming languages. Comprehending the syntax and effects of the language elements is obviously an essential part of learning C, but appreciating how the language features work and how they are used is equally important. Rather than just using code fragments, I provide you with practical working examples in each chapter that show how the language features can be applied to specific problems. These examples provide a basis for you to experiment and see the effects of changing the code. Your understanding of programming in context needs to go beyond the mechanics of applying individual language elements. To help you gain this understanding, I conclude most chapters with a more complex program that applies what you’ve learned in the chapter. These programs will help you gain the competence and confidence to develop your own applications and provide you with insight into how you can apply language elements in combination and on a larger scale. Most important, they’ll give you an idea of what’s involved in designing real programs and managing real code. It’s important to realize a few things that are true for learning any programming language. First, there is quite a lot to learn, but this means you’ll gain a greater sense of satisfaction when you’ve mastered it. Second, it’s great fun, so you really will enjoy it. Third, you can only learn programming by doing it, and this book helps you along the way. Finally, it’s certain you will make a lot of mistakes and get frustrated from time to time during the learning process. When you think you are completely stuck, you just need to be persistent. You will eventually experience that eureka moment and realize it wasn’t as difficult as you thought. xxvii

■ IntroduCtIon How to Use This Book Because I believe in the hands-on approach, you’ll write your first programs almost immediately. Every chapter has several complete programs that put theory into practice, and these are key to the book. You should type in and run all the examples that appear in the text because the very act of typing them in is a tremendous memory aid. You should also attempt all the exercises that appear at the end of each chapter. When you get a program to work for the first time—particularly when you’re trying to solve your own problems—you’ll find that the great sense of accomplishment and progress makes it all worthwhile. The pace is gentle at the start, but you’ll gain momentum as you get further into the subject. Each chapter covers quite a lot of ground, so take your time and make sure you understand everything before moving on. Experimenting with the code and trying out your own ideas are important parts of the learning process. Try modifying the programs and see what else you can make them do—that’s when it gets really interesting. And don’t be afraid to try things out—if you don’t understand how something works, just type in a few variations and see what happens. It doesn’t matter if it’s wrong. You’ll find you often learn a lot from getting it wrong. A good approach is to read each chapter through, get an idea of its scope, and then go back and work through all the examples. You might find some of the end-of-chapter programs quite difficult. Don’t worry if it’s not all completely clear on the first try. There are bound to be bits that you find hard to understand at first because they often apply what you’ve learned to rather complicated problems. If you really get stuck, you can skip the end-of-chapter exercises, move on to the next chapter, and come back to them later. You can even go through the entire book without worrying about them. However, if you can complete the exercises, it shows you are making real progress. Who This Book Is For Beginning C: Fifth Edition is designed to teach you how to write useful programs in C as quickly and easily as possible. By the end of Beginning C, you’ll have a thorough grounding in programming the C language. This is a tutorial for those who’ve done a little bit of programming before, understand the concepts behind it, and want to further your knowledge by learning C. However, no previous programming knowledge on your part is assumed, so if you’re a newcomer to programming, the book will still work for you. What You Need to Use This Book To use this book, you’ll need a computer with a C compiler and library installed, so you can execute the examples, and a program text editor for preparing your source code files. The compiler you use should provide good support for the current International Standard for the C language, ISO/IEC 9899:2011, commonly referred to as C11. You’ll also need an editor for creating and modifying your code. You can use any plain text editor such as Notepad or vi to create your source program files. However, you’ll get along better if your editor is designed for editing C code. I can suggest two sources for a suitable C compiler, both of which are freeware: • • The GNU C compiler, GCC, is available from operating system environments. http://www.gnu.org and supports a variety of The Pelles C compiler for Microsoft Windows is downloadable from http://www.smorgasbordet.com/pellesc/ and includes an excellent IDE. xxviii

Conventions Used I use a number of different styles of text and layout in the book to help differentiate between the different kinds of information. For the most part, their meanings will be obvious. Program code will appear like this: ■ IntroduCtIon int main(void) { printf("Beginning C\n"); return 0; } When a code fragment is a modified version of a previous instance, I occasionally show the lines that have changed in bold type like this: int main(void) { printf("Beginning C by Ivor Horton\n"); return 0; } When code appears in the text, it has a different typestyle that looks like this: double. I’ll use different types of “brackets” in the program code. They aren’t interchangeable, and their differences are very important. I’ll refer to the symbols ( ) as parentheses, the symbols { } as braces, and the symbols [ ] as square brackets. Important new words in the text are shown in italic like this. xxix

Chapter 1 Programming in C C is a powerful and compact computer language that allows you to write programs that specify exactly what you want your computer to do. You’re in charge: you create a program, which is just a set of instructions, and your computer will follow them. Programming in C isn’t difficult, as you’re about to find out. I’m going to teach you all the fundamentals of C programming in an enjoyable and easy-to-understand way, and by the end of this chapter you’ll have written your first few C programs. It’s as easy as that! In this chapter you’ll learn: • • • • • What the C language standard is What the standard library is How to create C programs How C programs are organized How to write your own program to display text on the screen The C Language C is remarkably flexible. It has been used for developing just about everything you can imagine by way of a computer program, from accounting applications to word processing and from games to operating systems. It is not only the basis for more advanced languages, such as C++, it is also used currently for developing mobile phone apps in the form of Objective C. Objective C is standard C with a thin veneer of object-oriented programming capability added. C is easy to learn because of its compactness. Thus, C is an ideal first language if you have ambitions to be a programmer. You’ll acquire sufficient knowledge for practical application development quickly and easily. The C language is defined by an international standard, and the latest is currently defined by the document ISO/IEC 9899:2011. The current standard is commonly referred to as C11, and the language that I describe in this book conforms to C11. You need to be aware that some elements of the language as defined by C11 are optional. This implies that a C compiler that conforms to the C11 standard may not implement everything in the standard. (A compiler is just a program that converts your program written in terms you understand into a form your computer understands.) I will identify any language feature in the book that is optional so far as C11 is concerned, just so you are aware that it is possible that your compiler may not support it. It is also possible that a C11 compiler may not implement all of the language features mandated by the C11 standard. It takes time to implement new language capabilities, so compiler developers will often take an incremental approach to implementing them. This provides another reason why a program may not work. Having said that, I can confirm from my own experience that the most common reason for things not working in a C program, at least 99.9% of the time, is that a mistake has been made. 1

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