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o n t h e r o a d t o f u l ly s e l f - d r i v i n g Waymo Safety Report

o u r m i s s i o n Waymo’s mission is to bring self-driving technology to the world, making it safe and easy for people and things to move around. We believe our technology can improve mobility by giving people the freedom to get around, and save thousands of lives now lost to traffic crashes. 2

introduction We’re Building a Safer Driver for Everyone Self-driving vehicles hold the promise to improve road safety and offer new mobility options to millions of people. Whether they’re saving lives or helping people run errands, commute to work, or drop kids off at school, fully self-driving vehicles hold enormous potential to transform people’s lives for the better. Safety is at the core of Waymo’s mission — it’s why we were founded over eight years ago as the Google self-driving car project. Every year, 1.2 million lives are lost to traffic crashes around the world, and in the U.S. the number of tragedies is growing. A common element of these crashes is that 94% involve human error. Driving is not as safe or as easy as it should be, while distracted driving is on the rise. We believe our technology could save thousands of lives now lost to traffic crashes every year. Our commitment to safety is reflected in everything we do, from our company culture to how we design and test our technology. In this, our first Safety Report on Waymo’s fully self-driving technology, we detail Waymo’s work on — and our commitment to — safety. This overview of our safety program underscores the important lessons learned through the 3.5 million miles Waymo’s vehicles have self-driven on public roads and through our billions of miles of simulated driving. 3 Waymo Safety Report On The Road to Fully Self-Driving

Waymo’s Safety Report also addresses the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) federal policy framework for autonomous vehicles: Automated Driving Systems 2.0: A Vision for Safety. The DOT framework outlines 12 safety design elements, and encourages companies testing and deploying self-driving systems to address each of these areas. Over the course of our Report, we will outline the processes relevant to each safety design element and how they underpin the development, testing, and deployment of fully self-driving vehicles. Fully self-driving vehicles will succeed in their promise and gain public acceptance only if they are safe. That’s why Waymo has been investing in safety and building the processes that give us the confidence that our self-driving vehicles can serve the public’s need for safer transportation and better mobility. 4 Waymo Safety Report On The Road to Fully Self-Driving

table of contents Areas Addressed by Waymo’s System Safety Program Safety Processes Specific Conditions Data Recording and Post-Crash Behavior Self-Driving Vehicle Cybersecurity The Self-Driving System Object and Event Detection and Response: Our Vehicle Sensors Our Self-Driving Software Operational Design Domain: Ensuring Our Vehicles Operate Safely Under Minimal Risk Condition (Fallback): Ensuring the Vehicle Can Transition to a Safe Stop 1. Our System Safety Program: Safety by Design 2. How Waymo’s Self-Driving Vehicles Work 3. Testing and Validation Methods: Ensuring Our Vehicles Are Capable and Safe 4. Interacting Safely with the Public 5. Conclusion Appendix: Scenario Types Used for Testing and Validation Glossary End Notes Rider Experience Accessibility: Unlocking Opportunities for Those Who Cannot Drive Today Emergencies and Interacting With Law Enforcement and First Responders Base Vehicle Safety Self-Driving Hardware Testing Self-Driving Software Testing Behavioral Competencies for Normal Driving Testing the Fully Integrated Self-Driving Vehicle Testing on Public Roads Testing Crash Avoidance Capabilities Hardware Reliability and Durability Testing Appendix A. Basic Behavioral Competency Testing Appendix B. Avoidance or Mitigation of Common Crash Scenarios 10 11 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 18 20 21 21 22 25 26 26 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 38 40 42 5 Waymo Safety Report On The Road to Fully Self-Driving

S A F E T Y S O C I E T Y M O B I L I T Y A N D Q U A L I T Y O F L I F E The World Around Us 94 p e r c e n t of U.S. crashes involve human error. [1] 1.2 m i l l i o n 37,461 r o a d d e at h s deaths worldwide due to vehicle crashes in the U.S. in 2016 and 2.4 million injuries in 2013. [2] in 2015. [3] 2 o u t o f 3 people will be involved in a drunk drivingcrash in their lifetime. [4] $594 b i l l i o n in harm from loss of life and injury each year. [5] $277 b i l l i o n in annual economic costs. [6] $160 b i l l i o n in gas burned and time lost each year. [7] 3 m i l l i o n Americans age 40 and older are blind or have low vision. [8] 79 p e r c e n t of seniors age 65 and older living in car-dependent communities. [9] 42 h o u r s wasted in traffic each year per person. [7] Self-driving Technology Can Save Lives and Improve Mobility At Waymo, we’re designing fully self-driving vehicles that make it safe and easy for everyone to get around. Waymo Safety Report Waymo Safety Report On The Road to Fully Self-Driving On The Road to Fully Self-Driving 6 6 6

Building the World’s Most Experienced Driver Every mile, in every car, is shared with the entire fleet, giving every Waymo vehicle more experience for the next mile. 4 8 Years Self-Driving in More than 20 U.S. Cities 3.5 2.5 Billion Self-Driven Miles Simulated in 2016 7 7 Generations of Self-Driving VehiclesMillion Real-World Miles on Public Roads

How Our Self-Driving Vehicle Sees the World and How it Works At the most basic level, human drivers need to answer four questions: “Where am I?” (perceiving the environment around you), “What’s around me?” (processing that information), “What will happen next?” (predicting how others in that environment will behave), and “What should I do?” (making driving decisions based on that information). Self-driving vehicles need to answer those questions, too. A Waymo vehicle’s onboard map view of the intersection of W. Middlefield Road at Rengstorff Avenue, Mountain View, CA. 1. Where Am I? Before our cars drive in any location, our team builds our own detailed three-dimensional maps that highlight information such as road profiles, curbs and sidewalks, lane markers, crosswalks, traffic lights, stop signs, and other road features. Rather than rely on GPS, Waymo’s vehicles cross-reference their pre-built maps with real- time sensor data to precisely determine their location on the road. 2. What’s Around Me? Our sensors and software scan constantly for objects around the vehicle — pedestrians, cyclists, vehicles, road work, obstructions — and continuously read traffic controls, from traffic light color and railroad crossing gates to temporary stop signs. Our vehicles can see up to 300 meters away (nearly three football fields) in every direction. In this example, our vehicle has detected vehicles (depicted by green and purple boxes), pedestrians (in yellow), and cyclists (in red) at the intersection — and a construction zone up ahead. Waymo Safety Report On The Road to Fully Self-Driving 8

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[Google_2017]通往完全自动驾驶之路.pdf

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