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C++ gotchas（c++覆辙录英文版）.pdf

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    Contents
    Preface
    Acknowledgments
    Chapter 1 Basics
    Gotcha #1: Excessive Commenting
    Gotcha #2: Magic Numbers
    Gotcha #3: Global Variables
    Gotcha #4: Failure to Distinguish Overloading from Default Initialization
    Gotcha #5: Misunderstanding References
    Gotcha #6: Misunderstanding Const
    Gotcha #7: Ignorance of Base Language Subtleties
    Gotcha #8: Failure to Distinguish Access and Visibility
    Gotcha #9: Using Bad Language
    Gotcha #10: Ignorance of Idiom
    Gotcha #11: Unnecessary Cleverness
    Gotcha #12: Adolescent Behavior
    Chapter 2 Syntax
    Gotcha #13: Array/Initializer Confusion
    Gotcha #14: Evaluation Order Indecision
    Gotcha #15: Precedence Problems
    Gotcha #16: for Statement Debacle
    Gotcha #17: Maximal Munch Problems
    Gotcha #18: Creative Declaration-Specifier Ordering
    Gotcha #19: Function/Object Ambiguity
    Gotcha #20: Migrating Type-Qualifiers
    Gotcha #21: Self-Initialization
    Gotcha #22: Static and Extern Types
    Gotcha #23: Operator Function Lookup Anomaly
    Gotcha #24: Operator -> Subtleties
    Chapter 3 The Preprocessor
    Gotcha #25: #define Literals
    Gotcha #26: #define Pseudofunctions
    Gotcha #27: Overuse of #if
    Gotcha #28: Side Effects in Assertions
    Chapter 4 Conversions
    Gotcha #29: Converting through void *
    Gotcha #30:Slicing
    Gotcha #31: Misunderstanding Pointer-to-Const Conversion
    Gotcha #32: Misunderstanding Pointer-to-Pointer-to-Const Conversion
    Gotcha #33: Misunderstanding Pointer-to-Pointer-to-Base Conversion
    Gotcha #34: Pointer-to-Multidimensional-Array Problems
    Gotcha #35: Unchecked Downcasting
    Gotcha #36: Misusing Conversion Operators
    Gotcha #37: Unintended Constructor Conversion
    Gotcha #38: Casting under Multiple Inheritance
    Gotcha #39: Casting Incomplete Types
    Gotcha #40: Old-Style Casts
    Gotcha #41: Static Casts
    Gotcha #42: Temporary Initialization of Formal Arguments
    Gotcha #43: Temporary Lifetime
    Gotcha #44: References and Temporaries
    Gotcha #45: Ambiguity Failure of dynamic_cast
    Gotcha #46: Misunderstanding Contravariance
    Chapter 5 Initialization
    Gotcha #47: Assignment/Initialization Confusion
    Gotcha #48: Improperly Scoped Variables
    Gotcha #49: Failure to Appreciate C++’s Fixation on Copy Operations
    Gotcha #50: Bitwise Copy of Class Objects
    Gotcha #51: Confusing Initialization and Assignment in Constructors
    Gotcha #52: Inconsistent Ordering of the Member Initialization List
    Gotcha #53: Virtual Base Default Initialization
    Gotcha #54: Copy Constructor Base Initialization
    Gotcha #55: Runtime Static Initialization Order
    Gotcha #56: Direct versus Copy Initialization
    Gotcha #57: Direct Argument Initialization
    Gotcha #58: Ignorance of the Return Value Optimizations
    Gotcha #59: Initializing a Static Member in a Constructor
    Chapter 6 Memory and Resource Management
    Gotcha #60: Failure to Distinguish Scalar and Array Allocation
    Gotcha #61: Checking for Allocation Failure
    Gotcha #62: Replacing Global New and Delete
    Gotcha #63: Confusing Scope and Activation of Member new and delete
    Gotcha #64: Throwing String Literals
    Gotcha #65: Improper Exception Mechanics
    Gotcha #66: Abusing Local Addresses
    Gotcha #67: Failure to Employ Resource Acquisition Is Initialization
    Gotcha #68: Improper Use of auto_ptr
    Chapter 7 Polymorphism
    Gotcha #69: Type Codes
    Gotcha #70: Nonvirtual Base Class Destructor
    Gotcha #71: Hiding Nonvirtual Functions
    Gotcha #72: Making Template Methods Too Flexible
    Gotcha #73: Overloading Virtual Functions
    Gotcha #74: Virtual Functions with Default Argument Initializers
    Gotcha #75: Calling Virtual Functions in Constructors and Destructors
    Gotcha #76: Virtual Assignment
    Gotcha #77: Failure to Distinguish among Overloading, Overriding, and Hiding
    Gotcha #78: Failure to Grok Virtual Functions and Overriding
    Gotcha #79: Dominance Issues
    Chapter 8 Class Design
    Gotcha #80: Get/Set Interfaces
    Gotcha #81: Const and Reference Data Members
    Gotcha #82: Not Understanding the Meaning of Const Member Functions
    Gotcha #83: Failure to Distinguish Aggregation and Acquaintance
    Gotcha #84: Improper Operator Overloading
    Gotcha #85: Precedence and Overloading
    Gotcha #86: Friend versus Member Operators
    Gotcha #87: Problems with Increment and Decrement
    Gotcha #88: Misunderstanding Templated Copy Operations
    Chapter 9 Hierarchy Design
    Gotcha #89: Arrays of Class Objects
    Gotcha #90: Improper Container Substitutability
    Gotcha #91: Failure to Understand Protected Access
    Gotcha #92: Public Inheritance for Code Reuse
    Gotcha #93: Concrete Public Base Classes
    Gotcha #94: Failure to Employ Degenerate Hierarchies
    Gotcha #95: Overuse of Inheritance
    Gotcha #96: Type-Based Control Structures
    Gotcha #97: Cosmic Hierarchies
    Gotcha #98: Asking Personal Questions of an Object
    Gotcha #99: Capability Queries
    Bibliography
    Index
    A
    B
    C
    D
    E
    F
    G
    H
    I
    J
    K
    L
    M
    N
    O
    P
    Q
    R
    S
    T
    U
    V
    W
    Z
    ptg11539634
    C++ Gotchas
    Addison-Wesley Professional Computing Series Brian W. Kernighan, Consulting Editor Matthew H. Austern, Generic Programming and the STL: Using and Extending the C++ Standard Template Library David R. Butenhof, Programming with POSIX® Threads Brent Callaghan, NFS Illustrated Tom Cargill, C++ Programming Style William R. Cheswick/Steven M. Bellovin/Aviel D. Rubin, Firewalls and Internet Security, Second Edition: Repelling the Wily Hacker David A. Curry, UNIX® System Security: A Guide for Users and System Administrators Stephen C. Dewhurst, C++ Gotchas: Avoiding Common Problems in Coding and Design Dan Farmer/Wietse Venema, Forensic Discovery Erich Gamma/Richard Helm/Ralph Johnson/John Vlissides, Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object- Oriented Software Erich Gamma/Richard Helm/Ralph Johnson/John Vlissides, Design Patterns CD: Elements of Reusable Object- Oriented Software Peter Haggar, Practical Java™ Programming Language Guide David R. Hanson, C Interfaces and Implementations: Techniques for Creating Reusable Software Mark Harrison/Michael McLennan, Effective Tcl/Tk Programming: Writing Better Programs with Tcl and Tk Michi Henning/Steve Vinoski, Advanced CORBA® Programming with C++ Brian W. Kernighan/Rob Pike, The Practice of Programming S. Keshav, An Engineering Approach to Computer Networking: ATM Networks, the Internet, and the Telephone Network John Lakos, Large-Scale C++ Software Design Scott Meyers, Effective C++ CD: 85 Specific Ways to Improve Your Programs and Designs Scott Meyers, Effective C++, Third Edition: 55 Specific Ways to Improve Your Programs and Designs Scott Meyers, More Effective C++: 35 New Ways to Improve Your Programs and Designs Scott Meyers, Effective STL: 50 Specific Ways to Improve Your Use of the Standard Template Library Robert B. Murray, C++ Strategies and Tactics David R. Musser/Gillmer J. Derge/Atul Saini, STL Tutorial and Reference Guide, Second Edition: C++ Programming with the Standard Template Library John K. Ousterhout, Tcl and the Tk Toolkit Craig Partridge, Gigabit Networking Radia Perlman, Interconnections, Second Edition: Bridges, Routers, Switches, and Internetworking Protocols Stephen A. Rago, UNIX® System V Network Programming Eric S. Raymond, The Art of UNIX Programming Marc J. Rochkind, Advanced UNIX Programming, Second Edition Curt Schimmel, UNIX® Systems for Modern Architectures: Symmetric Multiprocessing and Caching for Kernel Programmers W. Richard Stevens, TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: The Protocols W. Richard Stevens, TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 3: TCP for Transactions, HTTP, NNTP, and the UNIX® Domain Protocols W. Richard Stevens/Bill Fenner/Andrew M. Rudoff, UNIX Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking API W. Richard Stevens/Stephen A. Rago, Advanced Programming in the UNIX® Environment, Second Edition W. Richard Stevens/Gary R. Wright, TCP/IP Illustrated Volumes 1-3 Boxed Set John Viega/Gary McGraw, Building Secure Software: How to Avoid Security Problems the Right Way Gary R. Wright/W. Richard Stevens, TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 2: The Implementation Ruixi Yuan/W. Timothy Strayer, Virtual Private Networks: Technologies and Solutions Visit www.awprofessional.com/series/professionalcomputing for more information about these titles. ptg11539634
    C++ Gotchas Avoiding Common Problems in Coding and Design Stephen C. Dewhurst Boston • San Francisco • New York • Toronto • Montreal London • Munich • Paris • Madrid Capetown • Sydney • Tokyo • Singapore • Mexico City ptg11539634
    Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and Addison-Wesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. The author and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases and special sales. For more information, please contact: U.S. Corporate and Government Sales (800) 382-3419 corpsales@pearsontechgroup.com For sales outside of the U.S., please contact: International Sales international@pearsoned.com Visit Addison-Wesley on the Web: www.awprofessional.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dewhurst, Stephen C. C++ gotchas : avoiding common problems in coding and design / Stephen C. Dewhurst. p. cm—(Addison-Wesley professional computing series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-321-12518-5 (alk. paper) 1. C++ (Computer program language) I. Title. II. Series. QA76.73.C153 D488 2002 005.13'3—dc21 Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc. 2002028191 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior consent of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Published simultaneously in Canada. For information on obtaining permission for use of material from this work, please submit a written request to: Pearson Education, Inc. Rights and Contracts Department 75 Arlington Street, Suite 300 Boston, MA 02116 Fax: (617) 848-7047 ISBN 0-321-12518-5 Text printed in the United States at Offset Paperback Manufacturers in Laflin, Pennsylvania. 9th October 2008 Printing ptg11539634
    To John Carolan ptg11539634
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    Contents Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Failure to Distinguish Overloading from Default Initialization Basics Gotcha #1: Excessive Commenting Gotcha #2: Magic Numbers Gotcha #3: Global Variables Gotcha #4: Gotcha #5: Misunderstanding References Gotcha #6: Misunderstanding Const Gotcha #7: Gotcha #8: Gotcha #9: Using Bad Language Gotcha #10: Ignorance of Idiom Gotcha #11: Unnecessary Cleverness Gotcha #12: Adolescent Behavior Ignorance of Base Language Subtleties Failure to Distinguish Access and Visibility Syntax Gotcha #13: Array/Initializer Confusion Gotcha #14: Evaluation Order Indecision Gotcha #15: Precedence Problems Gotcha #16: for Statement Debacle Gotcha #17: Maximal Munch Problems Gotcha #18: Creative Declaration-Specifier Ordering Gotcha #19: Function/Object Ambiguity Gotcha #20: Migrating Type-Qualifiers Gotcha #21: Self-Initialization Gotcha #22: Static and Extern Types Gotcha #23: Operator Function Lookup Anomaly Gotcha #24: Operator -> Subtleties xi xv 1 1 4 6 8 10 13 14 19 24 26 29 31 35 35 36 42 45 48 50 51 52 53 55 56 58 vii ptg11539634
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