Secure Coding in C and C++.pdf

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Secure Coding in C and C++ Second Edition Robert C. Seacord Upper Saddle River, NJ • Boston • Indianapolis • San Francisco New York • Toronto • Montreal • London • Munich • Paris • Madrid Capetown • Sydney • Tokyo • Singapore • Mexico City

Software Engineering Institute | Carnegie Mellon The SEI Series in Software Engineering Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. CMM, CMMI, Capability Maturity Model, Capability Maturity Modeling, Carnegie Mellon, CERT, and CERT Coordination Center are registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office by Carnegie Mellon University. ATAM; Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method; CMM Integration; COTS Usage-Risk Evaluation; CURE; EPIC; Evolutionary Process for Integrating COTS Based Systems; Framework for Software Product Line Practice; IDEAL; Interim Profile; OAR; OCTAVE; Operationally Critical Threat, Asset, and Vulnerability Evaluation; Options Analysis for Reengineering; Personal Software Process; PLTP; Product Line Technical Probe; PSP; SCAMPI; SCAMPI Lead Appraiser; SCAMPI Lead Assessor; SCE; SEI; SEPG; Team Software Process; and TSP are service marks of Carnegie Mellon University. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. The author and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The publisher offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales, which may include electronic versions and/or custom covers and content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, and branding interests. For more information, please contact: U.S. Corporate and Government Sales (800) 382-3419 corpsales@pearsontechgroup.com For sales outside the United States, please contact: International Sales international@pearsoned.com Visit us on the Web: informit.com/aw Library of Congress Cataloging Control Number: 2013932290 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to (201) 236-3290. ISBN-13: 978-0-321-82213-0 ISBN-10: 0-321-82213-7 Text printed in the United States on recycled paper at Edwards Brothers Malloy in Ann Arbor, Michigan. First printing, March 2013

To my wife, Rhonda, and our children, Chelsea and Jordan

Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgments About the Author Chapter 1 Running with Scissors 1.1 Gauging the Threat What Is the Cost? Who Is the Threat? Software Security 1.2 Security Concepts Security Policy Security Flaws Vulnerabilities Exploits Mitigations 1.3 C and C++ A Brief History What Is the Problem with C? Legacy Code Other Languages 1.4 Development Platforms Operating Systems Compilers 1.5 Summary 1.6 Further Reading Chapter 2 Strings 2.1 Character Strings String Data Type UTF-8 Wide Strings String Literals Strings in C++ Character Types Sizing Strings 2.2 Common String Manipulation Errors Improperly Bounded String Copies Off-by-One Errors Null-Termination Errors String Truncation String Errors without Functions 2.3 String Vulnerabilities and Exploits Tainted Data Security Flaw: Buffer Overflows Process Memory Organization Stack Management Stack Smashing Code Injection

Arc Injection Return-Oriented Programming 2.4 Mitigation Strategies for Strings String Handling C11 Annex K Bounds-Checking Interfaces Dynamic Allocation Functions C++ Invalidating String Object References Other Common Mistakes in Usage 2.5 String-Handling Functions C99 C11 Annex K Bounds-Checking Interfaces: Dynamic Allocation Functions C99 and and and 2.6 Runtime Protection Strategies Detection and Recovery Input Validation Object Size Checking Visual Studio Compiler-Generated Runtime Checks Stack Canaries Stack-Smashing Protector (ProPolice) Operating System Strategies Detection and Recovery Nonexecutable Stacks W^X PaX Future Directions 2.7 Notable Vulnerabilities Remote Login Kerberos 2.8 Summary 2.9 Further Reading Chapter 3 Pointer Subterfuge 3.1 Data Locations 3.2 Function Pointers 3.3 Object Pointers 3.4 Modifying the Instruction Pointer 3.5 Global Offset Table 3.6 The Section 3.7 Virtual Pointers 3.8 The and 3.9 The Function 3.10 Exception Handling Functions Structured Exception Handling System Default Exception Handling 3.11 Mitigation Strategies

Stack Canaries W^X Encoding and Decoding Function Pointers 3.12 Summary 3.13 Further Reading Chapter 4 Dynamic Memory Management 4.1 C Memory Management C Standard Memory Management Functions Alignment and Variable-Length Arrays 4.2 Common C Memory Management Errors Initialization Errors Failing to Check Return Values Dereferencing Null or Invalid Pointers Referencing Freed Memory Freeing Memory Multiple Times Memory Leaks Zero-Length Allocations DR #400 4.3 C++ Dynamic Memory Management Allocation Functions Deallocation Functions Garbage Collection 4.4 Common C++ Memory Management Errors Failing to Correctly Check for Allocation Failure Improperly Paired Memory Management Functions Freeing Memory Multiple Times Deallocation Function Throws an Exception 4.5 Memory Managers 4.6 Doug Lea’s Memory Allocator Buffer Overflows on the Heap 4.7 Double-Free Vulnerabilities Writing to Freed Memory RtlHeap Buffer Overflows (Redux) 4.8 Mitigation Strategies Null Pointers Consistent Memory Management Conventions phkmalloc Randomization OpenBSD The jemalloc Memory Manager Static Analysis Runtime Analysis Tools 4.9 Notable Vulnerabilities CVS Buffer Overflow Vulnerability Microsoft Data Access Components (MDAC) CVS Server Double-Free Vulnerabilities in MIT Kerberos 5 4.10 Summary Chapter 5 Integer Security

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