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, t o understand their negative
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.
1
i s
m u c h
consequences. Most work-related behaviors have multiple components. 2 one and the
others
become distorted. Travel on a London bus and you'll 3 see how this works with drivers.
Watch people get on and show their tickets. Are they carefully inspected? Never. Do
people get on without paying? Of course ! Are there inspectors to 4 that people have
paid? Possibly, but very few. And people who run for the bus? They are 5 . How about
jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists. Why? Because the target
is 6 . People complained that buses were late and infrequent. 7 , the number of buses
and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were 8 or punished according to the time they
took. And drivers hit these targets. But they 9 hit cyclists. If the target was changed
to 10 , you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing. If the criterion
changed to safety, you would get more 11 drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both these
criteria would be at the expense of time. There is another 12 : people became immensely
inventive in hitting targets. Have you 13 that you can leave on a flight an hour late
but still arrive on time? Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the
time a 14 is meant to take. A one-hour fight is now ballad as a two-hour flight. The
15 of the story is simple. Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria.
Choose one criterion and you may well 16 others. Everything Can be done faster and made
cheaper, but there is a 17 . Setting targets can and does have unforeseen
negativeconsequences. This is not an argument against target-setting. But it is an
argument for exploring consequences first. All good targets should have multiple
criteria 18 critical factors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback. The
trick is not only to 19 just one or even two dimensions of the objective, but also to
understand how to help people better 20 the objective.
1. [A] therefore
[B] however
[C] again
[D] moreover
2 .[A] Emphasizes
[B] Identify
[C] Asses
[D] Explain
3. [A] nearly
[B] curiously
[C] eagerly
[D] quickly
4. [A] claim
[B] prove
[C] check
[D] recall
5. [A] threatened
[B] ignored
[C] mocked
[D] blamed
6. [A] punctuality
[B] hospitality
[C] competition
[D] innovation
7. [A] Yes
[B] So
[C] Besides
[D] Still
8. [A] hired
[B] trained
[C] rewarded
[D] grouped
9. [A] only
[B] rather
[C] once
[D] also
10. [A] comfort
[B]revenue
[C] efficiency
[D] security
11. [A] friendly
[B] quiet
[C] cautious
[D] diligent
12. [A] purpose
[B] problem
[C] prejudice
[D] policy