pscad软件master库中各个模块的说明与实例教程.pdf

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Applications of PSCAD/EMTDC Applications of PSCAD® / EMTDC™ Manitoba HVDC Research Centre Inc. 244 Cree Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3J 3W1 Canada

We would like to acknowledge Dennis Woodford for the contribution he made to this PSCAD Application Guide

Applications of PSCAD/EMTDC Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................1 Where PSCAD Can be Used ............................................................1 Chapter 2: Traditional Transient Studies .....................................5 Sources ...........................................................................................5 Thevenin Voltage Sources ...........................................................5 Load Flow Set-up with a Source ..................................................5 Setting the Load Flow with a Generator ......................................6 Multiple Run ...................................................................................7 Energizing Transients ......................................................................8 Breaker Pre-Strike .......................................................................8 Switching Surge Data Requirements ..............................................9 System Equivalents for Switching Surge TOV Studies ...................9 Power Flow Conditions .............................................................10 Transmission Line Data ..............................................................10 Transformer Data ......................................................................11 Circuit Breakers .........................................................................11 Surge Arresters .........................................................................11 Shunt Reactors .........................................................................11 Shunt and Series Capacitors ......................................................12 Fast Front Study Data ....................................................................12 Station Layout ..........................................................................12 Busbar Dimensions ...................................................................13 Transformer Data ......................................................................13 Transformer Winding Capacitances ...........................................13 Switching Surge TOV Studies ........................................................14 Limiting Fundamental Frequency Load Rejection Overvoltags ....14 Line Energizing .........................................................................14 Shunt Capacitor Switching ........................................................14 Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV)...................................................15 References ....................................................................................17 Exercise ........................................................................................17 Chapter 3: Controls .....................................................................19 CSMF Components .......................................................................19 Use of Slider, Switch, Button and Dial ...........................................20 Applications for CSMF Components .............................................22 Filtering with a Second Order Function ......................................22 Timer to Change a Parameter ...................................................22 Controlling an AC Source .........................................................23 Measuring Relative Phase Angle ................................................24 Building an Inverse Time Function .............................................24 Exercises .......................................................................................25 Chapter 4: Surge Arresters .........................................................27 Arrester Model .............................................................................28 Switching Surge TOV ................................................................28 Fast Front Transients .................................................................29 Determining Fast Front Model Parameters .................................30 Applications of PSCAD/EMTDC iii

Table of Contents Fast Front Studies .........................................................................33 Modeling Transmission Lines and Buswork ................................33 Lightning ..................................................................................34 Transmission Towers ..................................................................35 Tower Footing Resistance ..........................................................35 Capacitances of Equipment.......................................................36 Back Flashover ..........................................................................36 Summary of Arrester Selection ......................................................37 References ....................................................................................38 Exercises .......................................................................................39 Chapter 5: Transformers .............................................................41 Transformer Models ......................................................................41 Core Conﬁ guration ...................................................................42 Ungrounded Windings ..............................................................43 Saturation ....................................................................................43 Geomagnetically Induced Currents ...............................................44 Remanence ...................................................................................45 Harmonic Measurements ..............................................................47 Load Tap Changer .........................................................................47 Phase Shifting Transformers ..........................................................48 References ....................................................................................49 Exercises .......................................................................................49 Chapter 6: DC Transmission .......................................................51 Why Use DC Transmission? ...........................................................51 DC Converter Conﬁ gurations ........................................................52 Twelve Pulse Converters ................................................................52 Thyristor Modules .........................................................................53 Substation equipment ...................................................................53 Commutation ...............................................................................54 Converter Bridge Angles ...............................................................55 Steady State DC Converter Equations ...........................................56 Short Circuit Ratio ........................................................................57 Commutation Failure ....................................................................58 Control and Protection..................................................................59 Current Margin .............................................................................61 Voltage Dependent Current Order Limit (VDCOL) ..........................62 AC Voltage Control ......................................................................63 Special Purpose Controls ...............................................................64 Series Compensation of DC Converter ..........................................65 References ....................................................................................67 Exercises .......................................................................................68 Chapter 7: STATCOM Controls ...................................................69 Interpolated Switching ..................................................................69 Use of Pages .................................................................................70 STATCOM Control Strategy ...........................................................70 Components of Controls ..............................................................71 Phase Locked Oscillator .............................................................71 Generating the Firing Pulses ......................................................72 Control of AC Voltage or Reactive Power ..................................72 Control of DC Side Volts ...........................................................73 Multipulse STATCOM ....................................................................73 iv Applications of PSCAD/EMTDC

Applications of PSCAD/EMTDC Three Level STATCOM ...................................................................74 Improved Harmonic Performance ..............................................76 References ....................................................................................77 Exercises .......................................................................................77 Chapter 8: VSC Transmission ......................................................79 VSC Transmission Control Strategy ................................................79 Components of the Controls ........................................................80 Phase Locked Oscillator .............................................................80 When Receiving End is a Passive AC System ..............................80 Generating the Firing Pulses ......................................................81 Control of AC Voltage or Reactive Power ..................................81 Control of DC Side Volts ...........................................................81 Power Control ..........................................................................82 VSC Transmission with AC Characteristics .....................................82 Phase Angle Measurement ........................................................83 Phase Advance of Synthesized Phase Angle...............................84 Controlling Power from Synthesized Phase Angle ......................85 Example Fault Case ...................................................................85 Exercises .......................................................................................86 Chapter 9: Model Veriﬁ cation ....................................................87 EMT Model Veriﬁ cation Methods ..................................................87 Network Compilation ...................................................................88 Example ....................................................................................89 Load Flow .....................................................................................92 Source Control ..........................................................................92 Short Circuit .................................................................................94 Frequency Analysis .......................................................................96 Summary ......................................................................................97 References ....................................................................................97 Data Listing ..................................................................................98 Chapter 10: Using PSCAD/EMTDC Waveforms for Real Time Testing (RTP) .................................................................................101 PSCAD RTP Recorder ..................................................................101 Output File Location ...................................................................101 Multiple Run Capability ...............................................................101 RTP Playback Program .................................................................102 Exercises .....................................................................................102 Chapter 11: Transmission Lines ..................................................103 PI Line Sections ...........................................................................104 Converting Line Data ..............................................................104 Distributed transmission Lines .....................................................105 Using Line Constants ..............................................................106 Manual Entry of Data for Bergeron Model ...............................110 Interpreting Bergeron Output in LineName.tlo File ...................112 Modeling Short Lines/Cables ...................................................113 Comparison of Line Models ........................................................114 References ..................................................................................115 Exercises .....................................................................................115 Index ..............................................................................................117 Applications of PSCAD/EMTDC v

Chapter 1: Introduction Applications of PSCAD/EMTDC This Workbook is designed to guide the user of PSCAD/EMTDC through its use and application. PSCAD/EMTDC (also referred to as PSCAD) is a simulator of ac power systems, low voltage power electronics systems, high voltage DC transmission ( HVDC), flexible AC transmission systems ( FACTS), distribution systems, and com- plex controllers. WHERE PSCAD CAN BE USED PSCAD can represent electric circuits in detail not available with conventional network simulation software. For example, trans- former saturation can be represented accurately on PSCAD and only superficially, if at all, on Phasor based simulators like power system stability programs. A simple classical example of the use of PSCAD is demonstrated in the following example. A 222 km, 500 kV transmission line is open circuited at its far end, and it’s C phase at that end is faulted. The voltage of B phase is plotted: It is obvious from this example that the instantaneous solution algorithm of PSCAD and the precision achievable with it opens up great opportunities for investigation and study. Applications of PSCAD/EMTDC 1

Chapter 1: Introduction PSCAD is used by engineers, researchers and students from utili- ties, manufacturers, consultants, research and academic institutes. It is used in planning, designing, developing new concepts, test- ing ideas, understanding what happened when equipment failed, commissioning, preparation of specification and tender documents, teaching and research. The following are some of the studies that can be conducted with PSCAD: • • Insulation coordination of AC and DC equipment. Traditional power system studies, including TOV, TRV, faults, reclosure, and ferroresonance. • Relay testing (waveforms) and detailed analysis of the CT/VT/CCVT responses and their impact on operation. Waveforms generated by PSCAD can be saved using PSCAD RTP/Comtrade recorder. Then, by using RTP Playback system, these waveforms can be used to test physical protection and control equipment. • Designing power electronic systems and controls including FACTS devices, active ﬁ lters, low voltage series and shunt compensation devices. • • • Incorporate the capabilities of MATLAB/Simulink directly into PSCAD/EMTDC. Subsynchronous oscillations, their damping and resonance. Effects of DC currents and geomagnetically induced currents on power systems, inrush effects and ferroresonance. • Distribution system design, including transient overvoltages, with custom power controllers and distributed generation. • Power quality analysis and improvement, including hamonic impedance scans, motor starting sags and swells, non-linear loads, such as arc furnaces and associated ﬂ icker measurement. • Design of modern transportation systems (ships, rail, automotive) using power electronics. • Design, control coordination and system integration of wind farms, diesel systems, and energy storage. • • • Variable speed drives, their design and control. Industrial systems. Intelligent multiple-run optimization techniques can be applied to both control systems and electrical parameters. 2 Applications of PSCAD/EMTDC

Applications of PSCAD/EMTDC Case examples have been prepared for this Applications of PSCAD/EMTDC workbook and most examples can be used with the 15 node Student Edition of PSCAD. The material is prepared to help launch the electric power en- gineer into useful and essential studies of power systems and controls. An understanding of the full power of PSCAD can only come with familiarity and use. PSCAD/EMTDC is under continual development by a team of engineers and computer scientists at the Centre. Development direction is guided by the Technical Review Committee and the needs of the many users around the world. Applications of PSCAD/EMTDC 3

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