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Digital Image Processing
 FOURTH EDITION
 Rafael C. Gonzalez • Richard E. Woods
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title widely used by colleges and universities 
throughout the world. Pearson published this 
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outside the United States and Canada. If 
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Support Package for Digital 
Image Processing
Your new textbook provides access to support packages that may include reviews in areas 
like probability and vectors, tutorials on topics relevant to the material in the book, an image 
database, and more. Refer to the Preface in the textbook for a detailed list of resources.
Follow the instructions below to register for the Companion Website for Rafael C. Gonzalez and 
Richard E. Woods’ Digital Image Processing, Fourth Edition, Global Edition.
1.  Go to www.ImageProcessingPlace.com
2.  Find the title of your textbook.
3.   Click Support Materials and follow the on-screen instructions to create a login name and 
password.
Use the login name and password you created during registration to start using the 
digital resources that accompany your textbook.
This serial code can only be used once. This subscription is not transferrable.
IMPORTANT:
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D
igital Image
Processing
4
Global Edition
F O U R T H
E D I T I O N
Rafael C. Gonzalez
University of Tennessee
Richard E. Woods
Interapptics
330 Hudson Street, New York, NY 10013
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Cover Designer: Lumina Datamatics 
Cover  Photo:  CT  image—© zhuravliki.123rf.com/Pearson  Asset  Library;  Gram-negative  bacteria—© royaltystockphoto.com/
Shutterstock.com;  Orion  Nebula—© creativemarc/Shutterstock.com;  Fingerprints—© Larysa  Ray/Shutterstock.com;  Cancer 
cells—© Greenshoots Communications/Alamy Stock Photo
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© Pearson Education Limited 2018
The rights of Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them 
in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Digital Image Processing, Fourth Edition, ISBN 978-0-13-335672-4, 
by Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods, published by Pearson Education © 2018.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by 
any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the pub-
lisher or a license permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron 
House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the 
author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation 
with or endorsement of this book by such owners.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN 10: 1-292-22304-9
ISBN 13: 978-1-292-22304-9
Typeset by Richard E. Woods
Printed and bound in Malaysia
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To Connie, Ralph, and Rob 
and
To Janice, David, and Jonathan
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Contents
  9
Preface 
Acknowledgments 
The Book Website 
The DIP4E Support Packages 
About the Authors 
  12
  13
1  Introduction 
  14
  17
  13
What is Digital Image Processing? 
  18
The Origins of Digital Image Processing 
Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing 
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing 
  41
Components of an Image Processing System 
  19
  44
  23
2  Digital Image Fundamentals 
  47
  48
Elements of Visual Perception 
Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum 
Image Sensing and Acquisition 
Image Sampling and Quantization 
Some Basic Relationships Between Pixels 
Introduction to the Basic Mathematical Tools Used in Digital Image 
Processing 
  83
  54
  57
  63
  79
3  Intensity Transformations and Spatial  
  120
  119
Filtering 
Background 
Some Basic Intensity Transformation Functions 
Histogram Processing 
Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering 
Smoothing (Lowpass) Spatial Filters 
Sharpening (Highpass) Spatial Filters 
Highpass, Bandreject, and Bandpass Filters from Lowpass Filters 
Combining Spatial Enhancement Methods 
  164
  175
  122
  133
  153
  191
  188
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6    Contents
4  Filtering in the Frequency 
  204
  215
  207
  203
Domain 
Background 
Preliminary Concepts 
Sampling and the Fourier Transform of Sampled  
Functions 
The Discrete Fourier Transform of One Variable 
Extensions to Functions of Two Variables 
  230
Some Properties of the 2-D DFT and IDFT 
  240
The Basics of Filtering in the Frequency Domain 
  260
Image Smoothing Using Lowpass Frequency Domain  
Filters 
Image Sharpening Using Highpass Filters 
Selective Filtering 
The Fast Fourier Transform 
  272
  284
  296
  303
  225
  318
  317
5  Image Restoration 
and Reconstruction 
A Model of the Image Degradation/Restoration  
process 
  318
Noise Models 
Restoration in the Presence of Noise Only—Spatial Filtering 
Periodic Noise Reduction Using Frequency Domain Filtering 
Linear, Position-Invariant Degradations 
Estimating the Degradation Function 
Inverse Filtering 
Minimum Mean Square Error (Wiener) Filtering 
Constrained Least Squares Filtering 
Geometric Mean Filter 
Image Reconstruction from Projections 
  348
  352
  356
  358
  363
  367
6  Color Image Processing 
  368
  399
  327
  340
  400
Color Fundamentals 
Color Models 
  405
Pseudocolor Image Processing 
  420
Basics of Full-Color Image Processing 
Color Transformations 
  430
  429
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