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Microsoft SQL Server 2012 T-SQL Fundamentals.pdf

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    Foreword
    Introduction
    Background to T-SQL Querying and Programming
    Theoretical Background
    SQL
    Set Theory
    Predicate Logic
    The Relational Model
    The Data Life Cycle
    SQL Server Architecture
    The ABC Flavors of SQL Server
    SQL Server Instances
    Databases
    Schemas and Objects
    Creating Tables and Defining Data Integrity
    Creating Tables
    Defining Data Integrity
    Conclusion
    Single-Table Queries
    Elements of the SELECT Statement
    The FROM Clause
    The WHERE Clause
    The GROUP BY Clause
    The HAVING Clause
    The SELECT Clause
    The ORDER BY Clause
    The TOP and OFFSET-FETCH Filters
    A Quick Look at Window Functions
    Predicates and Operators
    CASE Expressions
    NULL Marks
    All-at-Once Operations
    Working with Character Data
    Data Types
    Collation
    Operators and Functions
    The LIKE Predicate
    Working with Date and Time Data
    Date and Time Data Types
    Literals
    Working with Date and Time Separately
    Filtering Date Ranges
    Date and Time Functions
    Querying Metadata
    Catalog Views
    Information Schema Views
    System Stored Procedures and Functions
    Conclusion
    Exercises
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    Solutions
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    Joins
    Cross Joins
    ANSI SQL-92 Syntax
    ANSI SQL-89 Syntax
    Self Cross Joins
    Producing Tables of Numbers
    Inner Joins
    ANSI SQL-92 Syntax
    ANSI SQL-89 Syntax
    Inner Join Safety
    More Join Examples
    Composite Joins
    Non-Equi Joins
    Multi-Join Queries
    Outer Joins
    Fundamentals of Outer Joins
    Beyond the Fundamentals of Outer Joins
    Conclusion
    Exercises
    1-1
    1-2 (Optional, Advanced)
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6 (Optional, Advanced)
    7 (Optional, Advanced)
    Solutions
    1-1
    1-2
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    Subqueries
    Self-Contained Subqueries
    Self-Contained Scalar Subquery Examples
    Self-Contained Multivalued Subquery Examples
    Correlated Subqueries
    The EXISTS Predicate
    Beyond the Fundamentals of Subqueries
    Returning Previous or Next Values
    Using Running Aggregates
    Dealing with Misbehaving Subqueries
    Conclusion
    Exercises
    1
    2 (Optional, Advanced)
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7 (Optional, Advanced)
    8 (Optional, Advanced)
    Solutions
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    Table Expressions
    Derived Tables
    Assigning Column Aliases
    Using Arguments
    Nesting
    Multiple References
    Common Table Expressions
    Assigning Column Aliases in CTEs
    Using Arguments in CTEs
    Defining Multiple CTEs
    Multiple References in CTEs
    Recursive CTEs
    Views
    Views and the ORDER BY Clause
    View Options
    Inline Table-Valued Functions
    The APPLY Operator
    Conclusion
    Exercises
    1-1
    1-2
    2-1
    2-2
    3 (Optional, Advanced)
    4-1
    4-2 (Optional, Advanced)
    5-1
    5-2
    Solutions
    1-1
    1-2
    2-1
    2-2
    3
    4-1
    4-2
    5-1
    5-2
    Set Operators
    The UNION Operator
    The UNION ALL Multiset Operator
    The UNION Distinct Set Operator
    The INTERSECT Operator
    The INTERSECT Distinct Set Operator
    The INTERSECT ALL Multiset Operator
    The EXCEPT Operator
    The EXCEPT Distinct Set Operator
    The EXCEPT ALL Multiset Operator
    Precedence
    Circumventing Unsupported Logical Phases
    Conclusion
    Exercises
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5 (Optional, Advanced)
    Solutions
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    Beyond the Fundamentals of Querying
    Window Functions
    Ranking Window Functions
    Offset Window Functions
    Aggregate Window Functions
    Pivoting Data
    Pivoting with Standard SQL
    Pivoting with the Native T-SQL PIVOT Operator
    Unpivoting Data
    Unpivoting with Standard SQL
    Unpivoting with the Native T-SQL UNPIVOT Operator
    Grouping Sets
    The GROUPING SETS Subclause
    The CUBE Subclause
    The ROLLUP Subclause
    The GROUPING and GROUPING_ID Functions
    Conclusion
    Exercises
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    Solutions
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    Data Modification
    Inserting Data
    The INSERT VALUES Statement
    The INSERT SELECT Statement
    The INSERT EXEC Statement
    The SELECT INTO Statement
    The BULK INSERT Statement
    The Identity Property and the Sequence Object
    Deleting Data
    The DELETE Statement
    The TRUNCATE Statement
    DELETE Based on a Join
    Updating Data
    The UPDATE Statement
    UPDATE Based on a Join
    Assignment UPDATE
    Merging Data
    Modifying Data Through Table Expressions
    Modifications with TOP and OFFSET-FETCH
    The OUTPUT Clause
    INSERT with OUTPUT
    DELETE with OUTPUT
    UPDATE with OUTPUT
    MERGE with OUTPUT
    Composable DML
    Conclusion
    Exercises
    1
    1-1
    1-2
    1-3
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    Solutions
    1-1
    1-2
    1-3
    2
    3
    4
    5
    Transactions and Concurrency
    Transactions
    Locks and Blocking
    Locks
    Troubleshooting Blocking
    Isolation Levels
    The READ UNCOMMITTED Isolation Level
    The READ COMMITTED Isolation Level
    The REPEATABLE READ Isolation Level
    The SERIALIZABLE Isolation Level
    Isolation Levels Based on Row Versioning
    Summary of Isolation Levels
    Deadlocks
    Conclusion
    Exercises
    1-1
    1-2
    1-3
    1-4
    1-5
    1-6
    2-1
    2-2
    2-3
    2-4
    2-5
    2-6
    3-1
    3-2
    3-3
    3-4
    3-5
    3-6
    3-7
    Programmable Objects
    Variables
    Batches
    A Batch As a Unit of Parsing
    Batches and Variables
    Statements That Cannot Be Combined in the Same Batch
    A Batch As a Unit of Resolution
    The GO n Option
    Flow Elements
    The IF . . . ELSE Flow Element
    The WHILE Flow Element
    An Example of Using IF and WHILE
    Cursors
    Temporary Tables
    Local Temporary Tables
    Global Temporary Tables
    Table Variables
    Table Types
    Dynamic SQL
    The EXEC Command
    The sp_executesql Stored Procedure
    Using PIVOT with Dynamic SQL
    Routines
    User-Defined Functions
    Stored Procedures
    Triggers
    Error Handling
    Conclusion
    Getting Started
    Getting Started with SQL Database
    Installing an On-Premises Implementation of SQL Server
    1. Obtain SQL Server
    2. Create a User Account
    3. Install Prerequisites
    4. Install the Database Engine, Documentation, and Tools
    Downloading Source Code and Installing the Sample Database
    Working with SQL Server Management Studio
    Working with SQL Server Books Online
    Index
    About the Author
    Microsoft® SQL Server ® 2012 T-SQL Fundamentals Itzik Ben-Gan
    ###E###
    To Dato To live in hearts we leave behind, Is not to die. —Thomas Campbell
    Contents at a Glance Foreword Introduction ChapTer 1 ChapTer 2 ChapTer 3 ChapTer 4 ChapTer 5 ChapTer 6 ChapTer 7 ChapTer 8 ChapTer 9 ChapTer 10 appendIx a Background to T-SQL Querying and programming Single-Table Queries Joins Subqueries Table expressions Set Operators Beyond the Fundamentals of Querying Data Modification Transactions and Concurrency programmable Objects Getting Started Index About the Author xix xxi 1 27 99 129 157 191 211 247 297 339 375 397 413
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