Fundamentals of Database Systems 7th Edition 数据库系统基础.pdf

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FUNDAMENTALS OF Database Systems SEVENTH EDITION

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FUNDAMENTALS OF Database Systems SEVENTH EDITION Ramez Elmasri Department of Computer Science and Engineering The University of Texas at Arlington Shamkant B. Navathe College of Computing Georgia Institute of Technology Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Hoboken Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo

iEnergizer Aptara®, Ltd. Operations Specialist: Maura Zaldivar-Garcia Cover Designer: Black Horse Designs Manager, Rights and Permissions: Rachel Youdelman Associate Project Manager, Rights and Permissions: Timothy Nicholls Full-Service Project Management: Rashmi Tickyani, Composition: iEnergizer Aptara®, Ltd. Printer/Binder: Edwards Brothers Malloy Cover Printer: Phoenix Color/Hagerstown Cover Image: Micha Pawlitzki/Terra/Corbis Typeface: 10.5/12 Minion Pro Vice President and Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia J. Horton Acquisitions Editor: Matt Goldstein Editorial Assistant: Kelsey Loanes Marketing Managers: Bram Van Kempen, Demetrius Hall Marketing Assistant: Jon Bryant Senior Managing Editor: Scott Disanno Production Project Manager: Rose Kernan Program Manager: Carole Snyder Global HE Director of Vendor Sourcing and Procurement: Diane Hynes Director of Operations: Nick Sklitsis Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2007 by Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permissions should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use materials from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Higher Education, Permissions Department, 221 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this book. These efforts include the development, research, and testing of theories and programs to determine their effectiveness. The author and publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to these programs or the documentation contained in this book. The author and publisher shall not be liable in any event for incidental or consequential damages with, or arising out of, the furnishing, performance, or use of these programs. Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers make no representations about the suitability of the information contained in the documents and related graphics published as part of the services for any purpose. All such documents and related graphics are provided “as is” without warranty of any kind. Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers hereby disclaim all warranties and conditions with regard to this information, including all warranties and conditions of merchantability. Whether express, implied or statutory, fitness for a particular purpose, title and non-infringement. In no event shall microsoft and/or its respective suppliers be liable for any special, indirect or consequential damages or any damages whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or profits, whether in an action of contract. Negligence or other tortious action, arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information available from the services. The documents and related graphics contained herein could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. Changes are periodically added to the information herein. Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers may make improvements and/or changes in the product(s) and/or the program(s) described herein at any time. Partial screen shots may be viewed in full within the software version specified. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data on File 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN-10: 0-13-397077-9 ISBN-13: 978-0-13-397077-7

To Amalia and to Ramy, Riyad, Katrina, and Thomas R. E. To my wife Aruna for her love, support, and understanding to Rohan, Maya, and Ayush for bringing so much joy into our lives and S.B.N.

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Preface This book introduces the fundamental concepts necessary for designing, using, and implementing database systems and database applications. Our presentation stresses the funda- mentals of database modeling and design, the languages and models provided by the database management systems, and database system implementation techniques. The book is meant to be used as a textbook for a one- or two-semester course in database systems at the junior, senior, or graduate level, and as a reference book. Our goal is to provide an in-depth and up-to-date presentation of the most important aspects of database systems and applications, and related technologies. We assume that readers are familiar with elementary programming and data-structuring con- cepts and that they have had some exposure to the basics of computer organization. New to This Edition The following key features have been added in the seventh edition: ■■ A reorganization of the chapter ordering (this was based on a survey of the instructors who use the textbook); however, the book is still organized so that the individual instructor can choose to follow the new chapter ordering or choose a different ordering of chapters (for example, follow the chapter order from the sixth edition) when presenting the materials. ■■ There are two new chapters on recent advances in database systems and big data processing; one new chapter (Chapter 24) covers an introduction to the newer class of database systems known as NOSQL databases, and the other new chapter (Chapter 25) covers technologies for processing big data, including MapReduce and Hadoop. ■■ The chapter on query processing and optimization has been expanded and reorganized into two chapters; Chapter 18 focuses on strategies and algo- rithms for query processing whereas Chapter 19 focuses on query optimiza- tion techniques. ■■ A second UNIVERSITY database example has been added to the early chap- ters (Chapters 3 through 8) in addition to our COMPANY database example from the previous editions. ■■ Many of the individual chapters have been updated to varying degrees to include newer techniques and methods; rather than discuss these enhancements here, vii

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