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DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Third Edition
DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Third Edition John R. Barry Georgia Institute of Technology Edward A. Lee University of California at Berkeley David G. Messerschmitt University of California at Berkeley Volume I SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Barry, John R., 1963- Digital Communication/ John R. Barry, Edward A. Lee, and David G. Messerschmitt. -3rd ed. p.cm. Rev. ed. of: Digital Communication / Edward A. Lee, David G. Messerschmitt. 2nd ed. c 1994. Includes bibliographical references and index. I S BN 978-1-4613-4975- 4 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-0227-2 1. Digital Communications. I. Lee, Edward A., 1957- II. Messerschmitt, David G. III. I S BN 978-1-4615-0227-2 (eBook) Lee, Edward A., 1957- Digital Communication. IV. Title. TK5103.7.L44 2003 621.382—dc22 2003054667 Copyright © 2004 by Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2004 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 3rd edition 2004 All rights reserved. No part of thi s work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Permission for books published in Europe: perniissions@wkap.nl Permissions permissions@wkap.com for books published the United in States of America: Printed on acid-free paper.
To Annis, Reid, and Neil Rhonda, Helen, and Katalina Dody and Laura
CONTENTS Preface Changes from the Second Edition Notes to an Instructor 1. Introduction 1.1. Applications of Digital Communication 1.2. Digital Networks 1.3. Digital vs. Analog Communications 1.4. Plan of the Book 1.5. Further Reading 2. Deterministic Signal Processing 2.1. Signals 2.2. LTI Systems and Fourier Transforms 2.3. The Nyquist Sampling Theorem 2.4. Downconversion and Complex Envelopes 2.5. Z Transforms and Rational Transfer Functions 2.6. Signals as Vectors 2-A Properties of the Fourier Transform 2-B Spectral Factorization xiii xv xvii 1 2 3 4 6 7 11 11 13 15 17 21 33 44 47
viii 3. Stochastic Signal Processing 3.1. Random Variables 3.2. Random Processes 3.3. Markov Chains 3.4. The Poisson Process and Queueing 3.5. Further Reading 3-A Power Spectrum of A Cyclostationary Process 3-B Power Spectrum of A Markov Chain 3-C Derivation of a Poisson Process 3-D Moment Generating Function of Shot Noise 4. Limits of Communication 4.1. Just Enough Information About Entropy 4.2. Capacity of Discrete-Time Channels 4.3. Further Reading 4-A Asymptotic Equipartition Theorem 5. Pulse-Amplitude Modulation 5.1. Baseband PAM 5.2. Passband PAM 5.3. The One-Shot Minimum-Distance Receiver 5.4. Minimum-Distance Sequence Detection 5.5. Performance Analysis in AWGN 5.6. Further Reading 6. Advanced Modulation 6.1. M-ary Modulation 6.2. Probability of Error 6.3. Orthogonal Modulation 6.4. Orthogonal Pulse-Amplitude Modulation (OPAM) 6.5. Modulation with Memory 6.6. Bandwidth and Signal Dimensionality 6.7. Capacity and Modulation 6.8. Further Reading 6-A The Generalized Nyquist Criterion 57 58 67 82 89 99 100 101 104 105 113 115 118 125 126 131 132 143 153 164 184 194 203 204 209 215 230 248 256 260 274 274
7. Probabilistic Detection 7.1. Detection of a Single Real-Valued Symbol 7.2. Detection of a Signal Vector 7.3. Known Signals in Gaussian Noise 7.4. ML Sequence Detection with the Viterbi Algorithm 7.5. A Posteriori Probability Detection with BCJR 7.6. Symbol-Error Probability for MLSD 7.7. 7.8. Shot Noise Signal with Known Intensity 7.9. Further Reading 7-A Karhunen-Loeve Expansion 7-B Bit-Error Probability for Sequence Detectors 7-C BCJR Forward/Backward Recursions Incoherent Detection 8. Equalization 8.1. Optimal Zero-Forcing Equalization 8.2. Generalized Equalization Methods 8.3. Fractionally Spaced Equalizer 8.4. Transversal Filter Equalizers 8.5. 8.6. Further Reading 8-A DFE Error Propagation lSI and Channel Capacity 9. Adaptive Equalization 9.1. Constrained-Complexity Equalizers 9.2. Adaptive Linear Equalizer 9.3. Adaptive DFE 9.4. Fractionally Spaced Equalizer 9.5. Passband Equalization 9.6. Further Reading 9-A SG Algorithm Error Vector Norm 10. MIMO Communications 10.1. Basics of MIMO Systems 10.2. The Gaussian MIMO Channel 10.3. Memoryless MIMO Channels 10.4. MIMO Detection with Channel Memory 10.5. Further Reading 10-A Proof of Separability Result (10.45) IX 285 287 291 296 309 312 318 324 328 331 331 334 339 345 348 369 386 390 391 414 415 423 425 437 446 448 450 453 454 461 464 475 485 524 530 530
x 11. Fading and Diversity 11.1. Types of Diversity 11.2. Receiver Diversity 11.3. Performance Analysis for Rayleigh Fading 11.4. The Diversity-Interference Trade-Off 11.5. Transmit Diversity 11.6. Layered Space-Time Modems 11-A Proof of Conservation Theorem 11-B Bound on Pairwise Error Probability 12. Error Control 12.1. The Capacity Penalty of Binary Coding 12.2. Binary Linear Block Codes 12.3. Convolutional Codes 12.4. Low-Density Parity-Check Codes 12.5. Turbo Codes 12.6. Historical Notes and Further Reading 12-A Linear Codes 12-B Maximal-Length Feedback Shift Registers 12-C Path Enumerators 12-D Derivation of the Tanh Rule 13. Signal-Space Coding 13.1. Multidimensional Signal Constellations 13.2. Trellis Codes 13.3. Coset Codes 13.4. Signal-Space Coding and lSI 13.5. Further Reading 14. Phase-Locked Loops 14.1. Ideal Continuous-Time PLL 14.2. Discrete-Time PLLs 14.3. Phase Detectors 14.4. Variations on a Theme: VCOs 14.5. Further Reading 537 538 539 541 545 548 562 565 566 571 574 577 591 601 618 626 627 632 638 640 651 653 669 684 689 694 701 703 710 714 719 721
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