Content
B Background
B.1 Complex Numbers
B.2 Sinusoids
B.3 Sketching Signals
B.4 Cramer's Rule
B.5 Partial fraction expansion
B.6 Vectors and Matrices
B.7 Miscellaneous
1 Introduction to Signals and Systems
1.1 Size o f a Signal
1.2 Classification of Signals
1.3 Some Useful Signal Operations
1.4 Some Useful Signal models
1.5 Even a nd Odd Functions
1.6 Systems
1.7 Classification of Systems
1.8 System Model: Input-output Description
1.9 Summary
2 Time-Domain Analysis of Continuous-Time Systems
2.1 Introduction
2.2 System Response to Internal Conditions: Zero-Input response
2.3 T he Unit Impulse response h(t)
2.4 System Response to External Input: Zero-State Response
2.5 Classical Solution of Differential equations
2.6 System Stability
2.7 Intuitive Insights into System Behavior
2.8 Appendix 2.1: Determining The Impulse Response
2.9 Summary
3 Signal Representation By Fourier Series
3.1 Signals and Vectors
3.2 Signal Comparison: Correlation
3.3 Signal Representation by Orthogonal Signal Set
3.4 Trigonometric Fourier Series
3.5 Exponential Fourier Series
3.6 Numerical Computation of Dn
3.7 LTIC System response to Periodic Inputs
3.8 Appendix
3.9 Summary
4 Continuous-Time Signal Analysis: The Fourier Transform
4.1 Aperiodic Signal Representation By Fourier Integral
4.2 Transform of Some Useful Functions
4.3 Some Properties of the Fourier Transform
4.4 Signal Transmission Through LTIC Systems
4.5 Ideal and Practical Filters
4.6 Signal Energy
4.7 Application to Communications: Amplitude Modulation
4.8 Angle Modulation
4.9 Data Truncation: Window Functions
4.10 Summary
5 Sampling
5.1 The Sampling Theorem
5.2 Numerical Computation of Fourier Transform: The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)
5.3 The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
5.4 Appendix 5.1
5.5 Summary
6 Continuous-Time System Analysis Using the Laplace Transform
6.1 The Laplace Transform
6.2 Some Properties of the Laplace Transform
6.3 Solution of Differential and Integro-Differential Equations 390 6.4 Analysis of Electrical Networks: The Transformed Network
6.5 Block Diagrams
6.6 System Realization
6.7 Application to Feedback and Controls
6.8 The Bilateral Laplace Transform
6.9 Appendix 6.1: Second Canonical Realization
6.10 Summary
7 Frequency Response and Analog Filters
7.1 Frequency Response of an LTIC System
7.2 Bode Plots
7.3 Control System design Using Frequency Response
7.4 Filter Design by Placement of Poles and Zeros of H(s)
7.5 Butterworth Filters
7.6 Chebyshev Filters
7.7 Frequency Transformations
7.8 Filters to Satisfy Distortionless Transmission Conditions
7.9 Summary
8 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Some Useful Discrete-T ime Signal Models
8.3 Sampling Continuous-Time Sinusoids and Aliasing
8.4 Useful Signal Operations
8.5 Examples of Discrete-Time Systems
8.6 Summary
9 Time-Domain Analysis of Discrete-Time Systems
9.1 Discrete-T ime System Equations
9.2 System Response to Internal Conditions: Zero-Input Response
9.3 Unit Impulse Response h[k]
9.4 System Response to External Input: Zero-State Response
9.5 Classical solution of Linear Difference Equations
9.6 System Stability
9.7 Appendix 9.1: Determining Impulse Response
9.8 Summary
10 Fourier Analysis of Discrete-Time Signals
10.1 Periodic Signal Representation by Discrete-Time Fourier Series
10.2 Aperiodic Signal Representation by Fourier Integral
10.3 Properties of DTFT
10.4 DTFT Connection With the Continuous-Time Fourier transform
10.5 Discrete-Time Linear System analysis by DTFT
10.6 Signal Processing Using DFT and FFT
10.7 Generalization of DTFT to the Z-Transform
10.8 Summary
11 Discrete-Time System Analysis Using the z-Transform
11.1 The Z-Transform
11.2 Some Properties of the Z-Transform
11.3 Z-Transform Solution of Linear Difference Equations
11.4 System Realization
11.5 Connection Between the Laplace and the Z-Transform
11.6 Sampled-Data ( Hybrid) Systems
11.7 The Bilateral Z-Transform
11.8 Summary
12 Frequency Response and Digital Filters
12.1 Frequency Response of Discrete-Time Systems
12.2 Frequency Response From Pole-Zero Location
12.3 Digital Filters
12.4 Filter Design Criteria
12.5 Recursive Filter Design: The Impulse Invariance Method
12.6 Recursive Filter Design: T he Bilinear Transformation Method
12.7 Nonrecursive Filters
12.8 Nonrecursive Filter Design
12.9 Summary
13 State-Space Analysis
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Systematic Procedure for Determining State Equations
13.3 Solution of State Equations
13.4 Linear Transformation of State Vector
13.5 Controllability and Observability
13.6 State-Space Analysis of Discrete-Time Systems
13.7 Summary
Answers to Selected Problems
Supplementary Reading
Index