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Implementing Domain-Specific Languages with Xtext and Xtend.pdf

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    Cover
    Copyright
    Credits
    About the Author
    Acknowledgement
    About the Reviewers
    www.PacktPub.com
    Table of Contents
    Preface
    Chapter 1: Implementing a DSL
    Domain Specific Languages
    So, why should you create a new language?
    Implementing a DSL
    Parsing
    The Abstract Syntax Tree (AST)
    IDE integration
    Syntax highlighting
    Background parsing
    Error markers
    Content Assist
    Hyperlinking
    Quickfixes
    Outline
    Automatic build
    Summarizing DSL implementation
    Enter Xtext
    Installing Xtext
    Let's try Xtext
    The aim of this book
    Summary
    Chapter 2: Creating Your First Xtext Language
    A DSL for entities
    Creating the project
    Xtext projects
    Modifying the grammar
    Let's try the Editor
    The Xtext generator
    The Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF)
    Improvements to the DSL
    Dealing with types
    Summary
    Chapter 3: The Xtend Programming Language
    An introduction to Xtend
    Using Xtend in your projects
    Xtend – a better Java with less "noise"
    Extension methods
    The implicit variable – it
    Lambda expressions
    Multi-line template expressions
    Additional operators
    Polymorphic method invocation
    Enhanced switch expressions
    Debugging Xtend code
    Summary
    Chapter 4: Validation
    Validation in Xtext
    Default validators
    Custom validators
    Quickfixes
    Textual modification
    Model modification
    Quickfixes for default validators
    Summary
    Chapter 5: Code Generation
    Introduction to code generation
    Writing a code generator in Xtend
    Integration with the Eclipse build mechanism
    Standalone command-line compiler
    Summary
    Chapter 6: Customizations
    Dependency injection
    Google Guice in Xtext
    Customizations of IDE concepts
    Labels
    The Outline view
    Customizing other aspects
    Custom formatting
    Other customizations
    Summary
    Chapter 7: Testing
    Introduction to testing
    Junit 4
    The ISetup interface
    Implementing tests for your DSL
    Testing the parser
    Testing the validator
    Testing the formatter
    Testing code generation
    Test suite
    Testing the UI
    Testing the content assist
    Testing workbench integration
    Testing the editor
    Other UI testing frameworks
    Testing and modularity
    Clean code
    Summary
    Chapter 8: An Expression Language
    The Expressions DSL
    Creating the project
    Digression on Xtext grammar rules
    The grammar for the Expressions DSL
    Left recursive grammars
    Associativity
    Precedence
    The complete grammar
    Forward references
    Typing expressions
    Type provider
    Validator
    Writing an interpreter
    Using the interpreter
    Summary
    Chapter 9: Type Checking
    SmallJava
    Creating the project
    SmallJava grammar
    Rules for declarations
    Rules for statements and syntactic predicates
    Rules for expressions
    The complete grammar
    Utility methods
    Testing the grammar
    First validation rules
    Checking cycles in class hierarchies
    Checking member selections
    Checking return statements
    Checking for duplicates
    Type checking
    Type provider for SmallJava
    Type conformance (subtyping)
    Expected types
    Checking type conformance
    Checking method overriding
    Improving the UI
    Summary
    Chapter 10: Scoping
    Cross-reference resolution in Xtext
    Containments and cross-references
    The index
    Qualified names
    Exported objects
    The linker and the scope provider
    Component interaction
    Custom scoping
    Scope for blocks
    Scope for inheritance and member visibility
    Visibility and accessibility
    Filtering unwanted objects from the scope
    Global scoping
    Packages and imports
    The index and the containers
    Checking duplicates across files
    Providing a library
    Default imports
    Using the library outside Eclipse
    Using the library in the type system and scoping
    Dealing with super
    What to put in the index?
    Additional automatic features
    Summary
    Chapter 11: Building and Releasing
    Release engineering
    Headless builds
    Target platforms
    Continuous integration
    Introduction to Buckminster
    Installing Buckminster
    Using the Xtext Buckminster wizard
    Building the p2 repository from Eclipse
    Customizations
    Defining the target platform
    Build headlessly
    Maintaining the examples of this book
    Summary
    Chapter 13: Xbase
    Getting introduced with Xbase
    The Expressions DSL with Xbase
    Creating the project
    The IJvmModelInferrer interface
    Code generation
    Debugging
    The Entities DSL with Xbase
    Creating the project
    Defining attributes
    Defining operations
    Imports
    Customizations
    Summary
    Bibliography
    Index
    Implementing Domain-Specific Languages with Xtext and Xtend Learn how to implement a DSL with Xtext and Xtend using easy-to-understand examples and best practices Lorenzo Bettini BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI
    Implementing Domain-Specific Languages with Xtext and Xtend Copyright © 2013 Packt Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews. Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book. Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information. First published: August 2013 Production Reference: 1140813 Published by Packt Publishing Ltd. Livery Place 35 Livery Street Birmingham B3 2PB, UK. ISBN 978-1-78216-030-4 www.packtpub.com Cover Image by Suresh Mogre (suresh.mogre.99@gmail.com)
    Credits Author Lorenzo Bettini Reviewers Dr. Jan Koehnlein Henrik Lindberg Pedro J. Molina Sebastian Zarnekow Acquisition Editor James Jones Lead Technical Editor Neeshma Ramakrishnan Technical Editors Dipika Gaonkar Anita Nayak Sonali S. Vernekar Project Coordinators Shiksha Chaturvedi Hardik Patel Proofreader Paul Hindle Indexer Rekha Nair Graphics Sheetal Aute Ronak Dhruv Abhinash Sahu Production Coordinator Aparna Bhagat Kirtee Shingan Cover Work Aparna Bhagat
    About the Author Lorenzo Bettini is an assistant professor (Researcher) in computer science at Dipartimento di Informatica, Università di Torino, Italy. Previously, he was a Postdoc and a contractual researcher at Dipartimento di Sistemi e Informatica, Università di Firenze, Italy. He has a Masters Degree in computer science and a PhD in theoretical computer science. His research interests cover design, theory, and the implementation of programming languages (in particular, object-oriented languages and network-aware languages). He has been using Xtext since version 0.7. He has used Xtext and Xtend for implementing many Domain Specific Languages and Java-like programming languages. He is also the author of about 60 papers published in international conferences and international journals. You can contact him at http://www.lorenzobettini.it.
    Acknowledgement First of all, I would like to thank the main reviewers of this book, Jan Koehnlein, Henrik Lindberg, Pedro J. Molina, and Sebastian Zarnekow. Their constructive criticism, extensive suggestions, and careful error reporting helped extremely in improving the book. I also thank the additional reviewers, Marian Edu, Mayur Hule, and Neeshma Ramakrishnan. I'm also grateful to all the people from Packt I dealt with, Shiksha Chaturvedi, Amber Dsouza, James Jones, James Keane, Anita Nayak, Hardik Patel, Neeshma Ramakrishnan, and Sonali S. Vernekar. This book would not have been possible without the efforts that all the skilled Xtext developers have put in this framework. Most of them are always present in the Xtext forum and are very active in providing help to the users. Many other people not necessarily involved with Xtext development are always present in the forum and are willing to provide help and suggestions in solving typical problems about Xtext. They also regularly write on their own blogs about examples and best practices with Xtext. Most of the contents in this book is inspired by the material found on the forum and on such blogs. The list would be quite long, so I will only mention the ones with whom I interacted most: Meinte Boersma, Christian Dietrich, Moritz Eysholdt, Peter Friese, Dennis Huebner, Dr. Jan Koehnlein, Henrik Lindberg, Ed Merks, Alexander Nittka, Karsten Thoms, Hallvard Trætteberg, and Sebastian Zarnekow. A very special thanks to Sven Efftinge, the project lead for Xtext and Xtend, for creating Xtext. I'm also grateful to itemis Schweiz for sponsoring the writing of this book, and in particular, I'm thankful to Serano Colameo. Last but not least, a big thank you to my parents for always supporting me through all these years. A warm thank you to my Silvia, the "rainbow" of my life, for being there and for not complaining about all the spare time that this book has stolen from us.
    About the Reviewers Dr. Jan Koehnlein is a core committer of the Xtext project and the Xtend language. He has several years of experience in model-driven software development and on the Eclipse platform. Jan is currently working as a consultant and software architect for itemis in Germany. Henrik Lindberg has worked for many companies since the early 80s, and he has had the opportunity to work with most aspects of software development from operating systems to applications as a developer, architect, CTO, and founder. He is currently CTO and founder of Cloudsmith Inc, a Puppet Labs Inc. partner specializing in services and tools for the creation, testing, and deployment of software stacks in local and cloud infrastructures. Prior to Cloudsmith, he ran the BEA/JRockit development office (now Oracle's JVM division). Henrik always had a passion for computer languages and parser technology, and he has worked with Eclipse Xtext on several projects, most recently the Puppet Language IDE called Geppetto. He is an Eclipse committer on Eclipse p2 and leads the Eclipse Buckminster and b3 projects. He is a frequent contributor to the Xtext forum. You can contact him on Twitter as @hel and also on the Eclipse and Puppet IRCs with the tag helindbe as well as on the Eclipse forums. I would like to thank Carl Barks and The Junior Woodchucks Guidebook that in an early Swedish edition contained a section with the Woodchucks Crypto—this inspired me to invent several written and spoken languages that I tried to teach my friends. This had limited success, we were after all only 7 years old.
    Pedro J. Molina is a practitioner and researcher in the field of model-driven development. From his masters thesis in 1998 to his PhD in 2004, he worked on the research of conceptual user interface patterns for code generation on business applications and published more than 20 papers and 2 books. Within industry, he has been working for CARE Technologies developing commercial code generators and doing consultancy and software architecture for Capgemini. Nowadays, he is the chief architect officer for Icinetic, a firm building modeling and code generation tools with a strong focus on architecture. Pedro has been taking part in the program committee for Code Generation Conference for the last 7 years and keeps up-to-date with industrial MDD efforts. He maintains a blog: The Metalevel, where he talks about MDD and code-generation at http://pjmolina.com/metalevel.
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