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RF Front-End World Class Designs 2009.pdf

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    RF Front-End World Class Designs
    Copyright Page
    Contents
    Preface
    About the Editor
    About the Contributors
    Chapter 1: Radio Waves and Propagation
    1.1 Electric Fields
    1.2 Magnetic Fields
    1.3 Radio Waves
    1.4 Frequency to Wavelength Conversion
    1.5 Radio Spectrum
    1.6 Polarization
    1.7 How Radio Signals Travel
    1.8 Refraction, Reflection and Diffraction
    1.9 Reflected Signals
    1.10 Layers above the Earth
    1.11 Ground Wave
    1.12 Skywaves
    1.13 Distances and the Angle of Radiation
    1.14 Multiple Reflections
    1.15 Critical Frequency
    1.16 MUF
    1.17 LUF
    1.18 Skip Zone
    1.19 State of the Ionosphere
    1.20 Fading
    1.21 Ionospheric Disturbances
    1.22 Very Low Frequency Propagation
    1.23 VHF and Above
    1.24 Greater Distances
    1.25 Troposcatter
    1.26 Sporadic E
    1.27 Meteor Scatter
    1.28 Frequencies above 3 GHz
    Chapter 2: RF Front-End Design
    2.1 Higher Levels of Integration
    2.2 Basic Receiver Architectures
    2.3 ADC'S Effect on Front-end Design
    2.4 Software Defined Radios
    2.5 Case Study—Modern Communication Receiver
    Chapter 3: Radio Transmission Fundamentals for WLANs
    3.1 Defining Transmission Capacity and Throughput
    3.2 Bandwidth, Radios, and Shannon's Law
    3.3 Bandwidth Efficiency
    3.4 Forward Error Correction (FEC)
    3.5 Radio Regulation
    3.6 Licensed Versus Unlicensed Radio Spectrum
    3.7 Unlicensed Spectrum in the Rest of the World
    3.8 General Difficulties in Wireless
    3.9 Basic Characteristics of 802.11 Wireless LANs
    3.10 Conclusion
    Chapter 4: Advanced Architectures
    References
    Chapter 5: RF Power Amplifiers
    5.1 Power Amplifier Class of Operation
    5.2 Conclusion
    References
    Chapter 6: RF Amplifiers
    6.1 Noise and Preselectors/Preamplifiers
    6.2 Amplifier Configurations
    6.3 Transistor Gain
    6.4 Classification by Common Element
    6.5 Transistor Biasing
    6.6 Frequency Characteristics
    6.7 JFET and MOSFET Connections
    6.8 JFET Preselector
    6.9 VHF Receiver Preselector
    6.10 MOSFET Preselector
    6.11 Voltage-tuned Receiver Preselector
    6.12 Broadband RF Preamplifier for VLF, LF and AM BCB
    6.13 Push-pull RF Amplifiers
    6.14 Broadband RF Amplifier (50 Ohm Input and Output)
    Chapter 7: Basics of PA Design
    7.1 Spectral-domain Analysis
    7.2 Basic Classes of Operation: A, AB, B, and C
    7.3 Active Device Models
    7.4 High-Frequency Conduction Angle
    7.5 Nonlinear Effect of Collector Capacitance
    7.6 Push–Pull Power Amplifiers
    7.7 Power Gain and Stability
    7.8 Parametric Oscillations
    References
    Chapter 8: Power Amplifiers
    8.1 Safety Hazards to Be Considered
    8.2 First Design Decisions
    8.3 Levelers, VSWRP, RF Routing Switches
    8.4 Starting the Design
    8.5 Low-pass Filter Design
    8.6 Discrete PA Stages
    References
    Chapter 9: RF/IF Circuits
    9.1 Mixers
    9.2 Modulators
    9.3 Analog Multipliers
    9.4 Logarithmic Amplifiers
    9.5 Tru-Power Detectors
    9.6 VGAs
    9.7 Direct Digital Synthesis
    9.8 PLLs
    Bibliography
    Chapter 10: Filters
    10.1 Classification
    10.2 Filter Synthesis
    10.3 LPFs
    10.4 BPFs
    References
    Chapter 11: Transmission Lines and PCBs as Filters
    11.1 Transmission Lines as Filters
    11.2 Open-circuit Line
    11.3 Short-circuit Line
    11.4 Use of Misterminated Lines
    11.5 Printed Circuits as Filters
    11.6 Bandpass Filters
    References
    Chapter 12: Tuning and Matching
    12.1 Vectors for RF Circuits
    12.2 L-C Resonant Tank Circuits
    12.3 Tuned RF/IF Transformers
    12.4 Construction of RF/IF Transformers
    12.5 Bandwidth of RF/IF Transformers
    12.6 Choosing Component Values for L–C Resonant Tank Circuits
    12.7 The Tracking Problem
    12.8 The RF Amplifier/Antenna Tuner Problem
    12.9 The Local Oscillator (LO) Problem
    12.10 Trimmer Capacitor Method
    12.11 Impedance Matching in RF Circuits
    12.12 Transformer Matching
    12.13 Resonant Transformers
    12.14 Resonant Networks
    12.15 Inverse-L Network
    12.16 π-network
    12.17 Split-capacitor Network
    12.18 Transistor-to-Transistor Impedance Matching
    Chapter 13: Impedance Matching
    13.1 Background
    13.2 The L Network
    13.3 Dealing with Complex Loads
    13.4 Three-element Matching
    13.5 Low-Q or Wideband Matching Networks
    13.6 The Smith Chart
    13.7 Impedance Matching on the Smith Chart
    13.8 Software Design Tools
    13.9 Summary
    Chapter 14: RF Power Amplifier Linearization Techniques
    14.1 RF Amplifier Nonlinearity
    14.2 Linearization Techniques
    14.3 Digital Baseband Predistortion
    14.4 Conclusion
    References
    Index
    A
    B
    C
    D
    E
    F
    G
    H
    I
    J
    L
    M
    N
    O
    P
    Q
    R
    S
    T
    U
    V
    W
    X
    Z
    RF Front-End World Class Designs
    Newnes World Class Designs Series Analog Circuits: World Class Designs Robert A. Pease ISBN: 978-0-7506-8627-3 Embedded Systems: World Class Designs Jack Ganssle ISBN: 978-0-7506-8625-9 Power Sources and Supplies: World Class Designs Marty Brown ISBN: 978-0-7506-8626-6 FPGAs: World Class Designs Clive “Max” Maxfi eld ISBN: 978-1-85617-621-7 Digital Signal Processing: World Class Designs Kenton Williston ISBN: 978-1-85617-623-1 Portable Electronics: World Class Designs John Donovan ISBN: 978-1-85617-624-8 RF Front-End: World Class Designs Janine Sullivan Love ISBN: 978-1-85617-622-4 For more information on these and other Newnes titles visit: www.newnespress.com
    RF Front-End World Class Designs Janine Sullivan Love with Cheryl Ajluni John Blyler Christopher Bowick Joe Carr Farid Dowla Michael Finneran Andrei Grebennikov Ian Hickman Leo G. Maloratsky Ian Poole Nathan O. Sokal Steve Winder Hank Zumbahlen AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier
    Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK Copyright © 2009, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: ( ⫹ 44) 1865 843830, fax: ( ⫹ 44) 1865 853333, E-mail: permissions@elsevier.com . You may also complete your request online via the Elsevier homepage ( http://elsevier.com ), by selecting “ Support & Contact ” then “ Copyright and Permission ” and then “ Obtaining Permissions. ” Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Application submitted British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-1-85617-622-4 For information on all Newnes publications visit our Web site at www.elsevierdirect.com 09 10 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America
    Contents Preface .............................................................................................................. xi About the Editor ............................................................................................... xiii About the Contributors .......................................................................................xv Chapter 1: Radio Waves and Propagation ..............................................................1 1.1 Electric Fields ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Magnetic Fields ............................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Radio Waves .................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Frequency to Wavelength Conversion ............................................................................. 5 1.5 Radio Spectrum ............................................................................................................... 6 1.6 Polarization ..................................................................................................................... 7 1.7 How Radio Signals Travel .............................................................................................. 9 1.8 Refraction, Refl ection and Diffraction .......................................................................... 10 1.9 Refl ected Signals ........................................................................................................... 12 1.10 Layers above the Earth .................................................................................................. 13 1.11 Ground Wave ................................................................................................................. 17 1.12 Skywaves ....................................................................................................................... 18 1.13 Distances and the Angle of Radiation ........................................................................... 21 1.14 Multiple Refl ections ...................................................................................................... 22 1.15 Critical Frequency ......................................................................................................... 23 1.16 MUF .............................................................................................................................. 23 1.17 LUF ............................................................................................................................... 24 1.18 Skip Zone ...................................................................................................................... 24 1.19 State of the Ionosphere .................................................................................................. 24 1.20 Fading ............................................................................................................................ 25 1.21 Ionospheric Disturbances .............................................................................................. 26 1.22 Very Low Frequency Propagation ................................................................................. 27 1.23 VHF and Above ............................................................................................................ 28 1.24 Greater Distances .......................................................................................................... 28 www.newnespress.com www.newnespress.com
    vi Contents 1.25 Troposcatter ................................................................................................................... 29 1.26 Sporadic E ..................................................................................................................... 30 1.27 Meteor Scatter ............................................................................................................... 31 1.28 Frequencies above 3 GHz ............................................................................................. 32 Chapter 2: RF Front-End Design .........................................................................33 2.1 Higher Levels of Integration ......................................................................................... 34 2.2 Basic Receiver Architectures ........................................................................................ 36 2.3 ADC’S Effect on Front-end Design .............................................................................. 57 2.4 Software Defi ned Radios .............................................................................................. 58 2.5 Case Study—Modern Communication Receiver .......................................................... 59 Chapter 3: Radio Transmission Fundamentals for WLANs .....................................65 3.1 Defi ning Transmission Capacity and Throughput ........................................................ 65 3.2 Bandwidth, Radios, and Shannon’s Law ...................................................................... 67 3.3 Bandwidth Effi ciency .................................................................................................... 69 3.4 Forward Error Correction (FEC) ................................................................................... 71 3.5 Radio Regulation ........................................................................................................... 72 3.6 Licensed Versus Unlicensed Radio Spectrum ............................................................... 73 3.7 Unlicensed Spectrum in the Rest of the World ............................................................. 75 3.8 General Diffi culties in Wireless .................................................................................... 76 3.9 Basic Characteristics of 802.11 Wireless LANs ........................................................... 81 3.10 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 82 Chapter 4: Advanced Architectures ......................................................................83 References ................................................................................................................................ 94 Chapter 5: RF Power Amplifi ers ..........................................................................95 5.1 Power Amplifi er Class of Operation ............................................................................. 96 5.2 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 113 References .............................................................................................................................. 114 Chapter 6: RF Amplifi ers .................................................................................115 6.1 Noise and Preselectors/Preamplifi ers .......................................................................... 116 6.2 Amplifi er Confi gurations ............................................................................................ 117 6.3 Transistor Gain ............................................................................................................ 117 6.4 Classifi cation by Common Element ............................................................................ 118 6.5 Transistor Biasing ....................................................................................................... 120 www.newnespress.com www.newnespress.com
    Contents vii Frequency Characteristics ........................................................................................... 122 6.6 JFET and MOSFET Connections ............................................................................... 123 6.7 6.8 JFET Preselector ......................................................................................................... 123 6.9 VHF Receiver Preselector ........................................................................................... 127 6.10 MOSFET Preselector .................................................................................................. 127 6.11 Voltage-tuned Receiver Preselector ............................................................................ 129 6.12 Broadband RF Preamplifi er for VLF, LF and AM BCB ............................................. 129 6.13 Push-pull RF Amplifi ers ............................................................................................. 132 6.14 Broadband RF Amplifi er (50 Ohm Input and Output) ................................................ 138 Chapter 7: Basics of PA Design .........................................................................141 7.1 Spectral-domain Analysis ........................................................................................... 141 7.2 Basic Classes of Operation: A, AB, B, and C ............................................................. 147 7.3 Active Device Models ................................................................................................. 156 7.4 High-Frequency Conduction Angle ............................................................................ 162 7.5 Nonlinear Effect of Collector Capacitance ................................................................. 169 7.6 Push–Pull Power Amplifi ers ....................................................................................... 172 Power Gain and Stability ............................................................................................ 178 7.7 7.8 Parametric Oscillations ............................................................................................... 189 References .............................................................................................................................. 193 Chapter 8: Power Amplifi ers .............................................................................197 Safety Hazards to Be Considered................................................................................ 197 8.1 8.2 First Design Decisions ................................................................................................ 198 Levelers, VSWRP, RF Routing Switches ................................................................... 199 8.3 Starting the Design ...................................................................................................... 199 8.4 8.5 Low-pass Filter Design ............................................................................................... 200 8.6 Discrete PA Stages ...................................................................................................... 203 References .............................................................................................................................. 226 Chapter 9: RF/IF Circuits .................................................................................227 9.1 Mixers ......................................................................................................................... 229 9.2 Modulators .................................................................................................................. 235 9.3 Analog Multipliers ...................................................................................................... 236 9.4 Logarithmic Amplifi ers ............................................................................................... 243 9.5 Tru-Power Detectors ................................................................................................... 248 9.6 VGAs .......................................................................................................................... 251 9.7 Direct Digital Synthesis .............................................................................................. 259 www.newnespress.com www.newnespress.com
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