2020 浙江杭州师范大学普通语言学考研真题 I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. （每小题 2 分，共 20 分） Writing is the primary medium for all languages. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details Only human beings are able to communicate. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history. Morphemes are the units of language that are smaller than words. The meaning of a morpheme is called morph. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 1. 2. of any language system can be genetically transmitted. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 20th century, was a French linguist. 8. This view is called conceptualism in semantic theory. 9. 10. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence. J.R. Firth held the view that “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” Utterances always take the form of complete sentences. II. Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with one word.（每 小题 1 分，共 30 分） 1. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an e clause. 2. Major lexical categories are o are constantly added. 3. Consonant sounds can be either voiced or voiceless, while all vowel sounds are categories in the sense that new words v . 4. That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of c antonyms. 5. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and de-contextualized, that of an u_______ is concrete and context-dependent. 6. S 7. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d can be defined as the study of meaning. linguistic form and what it refers to. link between a 8. R means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of 9. S the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc. 10. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h . 

11. R opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. 12. C analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components. 13. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical 14. An a with the nominal element(s) in a sentence. 15. According to the n theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. 16. What essentially distinguishes s and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. 17. The notion of c is essential to the pragmatic study of language. 18. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an u . 19. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed p . 20. C verifiable. 21. P were statements that either state or describe, and were thus were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. 22. A c 23. An e 24. A c is to commit the speaker himself to some future course of action. is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state. sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and", "but", "or". 25. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C Principle proposed by J. Grice. 26. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k of his language. 27. Langue refers to the a linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. of the rules 28. D is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units. 29. A s the predicate. 30. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes permissible sentences in languages is called s . III. Explain the following terms. （每小题 4 分，共 40 分） 1. sociolinguistics 

2. arbitrariness 3. displacement 4. performance 5. allophone 6. affix 7. D-structure 8. sense 9. predication 10. pragmatics IV. Short answer questions. （每小题 15 分，共 60 分） 1. What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language? 2. How are the English consonants differentiated? 3. What is indirect language use? How is it explained in the light of speech act theory? 4. In what ways are these expressions structurally ambiguous? (a) We met an English history teacher. (b) Flying planes can be dangerous.