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Science Research Writing.pdf

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    Cover
    Science research writing for non-native speakers of English
    Copyright
    Introduction: How to Use Th is Book
    Contents
    Unit 1: How to Write an Introduction
    1.1 Structure
    1.2 Grammar and Writing Skills
    1.2.1 Tense pairs
    1.2.2 Signalling language
    1.2.3 Passive/Active
    1.3 Writing Task: Build a Model
    1.3.1 Building a model
    1.3.2 Key
    1.3.3 The model
    1.3.4 Testing the Model
    1.4 Vocabulary
    1.4.1 Vocabulary for the Introduction
    1.5 Writing an Introduction
    1.5.1 Write an Introduction
    1.5.2 Key
    Unit 2: Writing about Methodology
    2.1 Structure
    2.2 Grammar and Writing Skills
    2.2.1 Passives and tense pairs
    2.2.2 Use of ‘a’ and ‘the’
    2.2.3 Adverbs and adverb location
    2.3 Writing Task: Build a Model
    2.3.1 Building a model
    2.3.2 Key
    2.3.3 The model
    2.3.4 Testing the model
    2.4 Vocabulary
    2.4.1 Vocabulary task
    2.4.2 Vocabulary for the Methodology section
    2.5 Writing a Methodology Section
    2.5.1 Write a Methodology section
    2.5.2 Key
    Unit 3: Writing about Results
    3.1 Structure
    3.2 Grammar and Writing Skills
    3.2.1 Sequence
    3.2.2 Frequency
    3.2.3 Quantity
    3.2.4 Causality
    3.3 Writing Task: Build a Model
    3.3.1 Building a model
    3.3.2 Key
    3.3.3 The model
    3.3.4 Testing the model
    3.4 Vocabulary
    3.4.1 Vocabulary task
    3.4.2 Vocabulary for the Results section
    3.5 Writing a Results Section
    3.5.1 Write a Results section
    3.5.2 Key
    Unit 4: Writing the Discussion/Conclusion
    4.1 Structure
    4.2 Grammar and Writing Skills
    4.3 Writing Task: Build a Model
    4.3.1 Building a model
    4.3.2 Key
    4.3.3 The model
    4.3.4 Testing the model
    4.4 Vocabulary
    4.4.1 Vocabulary task
    4.4.2 Vocabulary for the Discussion/Conclusion
    4.5 Writing a Discussion/Conclusion
    4.5.1 Write a Discussion/Conclusion
    Unit 5: Writing the Abstract
    5.1 Structure
    5.2 Grammar and Writing Skills
    5.2.1 Verb tense
    5.2.2 Length
    5.2.3 Language
    5.3 Writing Task: Build a Model
    5.3.1 Building a model
    5.3.2 Key
    5.3.3 The models
    5.3.4 Testing the models
    5.4 Vocabulary
    5.4.1 Vocabulary task
    5.4.2 Vocabulary for the Abstract
    5.5 Writing an Abstract
    5.5.1 Write an Abstract
    5.5.2 Key
    5.6 Creating a Title
    Sources and Credits
    Useful Resources and Further Reading
    Appendix A: Abbreviations Used in Science Writing
    Appendix B: Prefixes Used in Science Writing
    Appendix C: Latin and Greek Singular and Plural Forms
    Appendix D: Useful Verbs
    Index of Contents
    Index of Vocabulary
    P605tp.indd 1 12/10/09 2:24:41 PM
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    Hilary Glasman-Deal Imperial College London, UK ICP Imperial College Press P605tp.indd 2 12/10/09 2:24:42 PM
    Published by Imperial College Press 57 Shelton Street Covent Garden London WC2H 9HE Distributed by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Glasman-Deal, Hilary. Science research writing for non-native speakers of English / by Hilary Glasman-Deal. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-84816-309-6 (alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-1-84816-310-2 (pbk : alk. paper) 1. English language--Technical English--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Technical writing-- Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. English language--Textbooks for foreign speakers. I. Title. PE1475.G57 2009 808'.0665--dc22 2009043016 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Copyright © 2010 by Imperial College Press All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. Printed in Singapore. Kim - Science Research Writing.pmd 1 1/13/2010, 1:49 PM
    FA v Introduction: How to Use Th is Book Th ings should be made as simple as possible, but not any simpler. — Albert Einstein Who is this book for? Th is book is designed to help non-native speakers of English write science research papers for publication in English. However, it can also be used as a guide for native English speakers who would like support with their science writing, and by science students who need to write a Master’s dissertation or PhD thesis. It is a practical, rather than a theoretical book, and is intended as a fast do-it-yourself manual for researchers and scientists. Th e book is aimed at those whose English language ability is at intermediate level or above. If you have taken an IELTS test, this is equivalent to a score of above 6.0; if you have taken a TOEFL test then this is approximately equivalent to a score above 550 (paper-based test) or 91 (iBT). However, if you have managed to read this far without using a dictionary, you will be able to use this book, even if you don’t understand every word. Why do I need it? Th e goal of scientifi c research is publication, but good scientists are not always good writers and even native speakers of English sometimes have diffi culty when they write up their research. Th e aim of this book is to give you the information, vocabulary and skills you need quickly and easily so that you can write confi dently using the style and structure you see in the journals you read. B875_FM.indd v B875_FM.indd v 12/11/2009 8:47:52 AM 12/11/2009 8:47:52 AM
    FA vi Science Research Writing As a science researcher, you are able to read and understand complex, high-level material in your fi eld. However, you may fi nd it diffi cult to produce written English which is at the same level as your reading. You may feel that your English writing does not represent the content of your work eff ectively or accurately. Th e aim of this book is to enable you to use your reading ability and the material you read to develop the writing skills your work requires. Developing the skills to write up your own research is the only way to join the international science community. If you depend on English speakers to translate your writing, their translation may not represent exactly what you intended. If you depend on proofreaders to correct your English they may not notice some errors, because a sentence which is grammatically correct is still ‘wrong’ if it does not mean what you intended. Also, a proofreader may not check whether your writing fi ts the conventional ‘science research’ patterns. For example, you may have forgotten to justify your choice of method or explain how your results relate to your original question, and this could mean that an editor of a science journal rejects your paper as unprofessional. Writing and publishing a research paper is the best way to get your career off the ground. If you can turn your thesis or research project into a useful paper, your CV (Curriculum Vitae) will immediately look more professional and will be more competitive internationally. You may feel that you don’t have the time to improve your English, but you already know most of what you need from the reading you have done over the years. In order to write up your research for publication you don’t need to learn much more English than you already know. Science writing is much easier than it looks. Most science research is written according to a fairly conventional structure: fi rst the title, then the abstract, followed by an introduction, aft er which there is a central section which describes what was done and what was found and then a discussion and/or conclusion. At the end of the paper or research article, acknowledgements and references are added. Th is means that the structure of a research article will be quite similar for all writers. Because science writing is so conventional, the amount of grammar and vocabulary you need to learn is quite small. For example, the non- technical vocabulary used in scientifi c writing consists of a limited set of B875_FM.indd vi B875_FM.indd vi 12/11/2009 8:47:52 AM 12/11/2009 8:47:52 AM
    FA Introduction: How to Use This Book vii words such as attempt, conduct, interpret, evaluate, determine, implement, formulate, classify, correlate, enhance, which are used as a kind of ‘code’. All the vocabulary you need to get started (apart from the specialised vocabulary of your fi eld) is in this book. What will this book teach me? Th e book will show you how to discover the conventions of structure, organisation, grammar and vocabulary in science writing in your fi eld and will provide you with the tools to write in a similar way and at a similar level. It will teach you how to turn your research into a paper that can be submitted to a professional journal. You will also be able to use most of the information in the book and all of the language and vocabulary if you are writing a thesis in English. I have been teaching English for Academic Purposes to science students for over 30 years. For the past 15 years I have been teaching research writing in the English Language Support Programme at Imperial College, London, where I also work closely with individual research students and staff who are writing a paper or thesis. Th is book is based on the most useful thing I have learned: when your language skills are not perfect, organising your information in a conventional way and using conventional language are very important. If you write according to a conventional model, the reader knows what you are trying to do because the model you are following is familiar, and language errors are therefore less signifi cant. A researcher who begins by writing according to a simple and conventional model will soon develop higher level skills for writing independently and professionally. Th e opposite is also true: researchers who do not begin by writing according to a conventional model are less likely to develop these skills. How does the book work? Th e strategy in this book can be summed up as follows: carefully examine good examples of the kind of writing you would like to produce, identify and master the structure, grammar and vocabulary you see in these examples and then apply them in your own writing. Th e book is divided into fi ve units, each dealing with one section of a research article. Unit 1 deals with the Introduction, Unit 2 the Methodology, Unit 3 the Results, Unit 4 the Discussion or Conclusion and Unit 5 the B875_FM.indd vii B875_FM.indd vii 12/11/2009 8:47:52 AM 12/11/2009 8:47:52 AM
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