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Principles_of_mobile_communication-Gordon_Stuber-2nd_edition Go....pdf
Cover
Contents
Preface
1. Introduction
1.1 Wireless Systems and Standards
1.1.1 First Generation Cellular Systems
1.1.2 Second Generation Cellular Systems
1.1.2.1 GSM/DCS1800/PCS1900
1.1.2.2 IS-54/136 and IS-95
1.1.2.3 PDC
1.1.3 Cordless Telephone Systems
1.1.4 Third Generation Cellular Systems
1.1.5 Wireless LANs and and PANs
1.2 Frequency Reuse and the Cellular Concept
1.3 Mobile Radio Propagation Environment
1.4 Co-channel Interference and Noise
1.5 Receiver Sensitivity and Link Budget
1.6 Coverage
1.7 Spectral Efficiency and Capacity
Problems
2. Propagation Modeling
2.1 Frequency-Non-Selective (Flat) Multipath-Fading
2.1.1 Received Signal Correlation and Spectrum
2.1.2 Received Envelope and Phase Distribution
2.1.2.1 Rayleigh Fading
2.1.2.2 Ricean Fading
2.1.2.3 Nakagami Fading
2.1.2.4 Envelope Phase
2.1.3 Envelope Correlation and Spectra
2.1.3.1 Squared-Envelope Correlation and Spectra
2.1.4 Level Crossing Rates and Fade Durations
2.1.4.1 Envelope Level Crossing Rate
2.1.4.2 Zero Crossing Rate
2.1.4.3 Average Envelope Fade Duration
2.1.5 Spatial Correlations
2.2 Frequency-Selective Multipath-Fading
2.2.1 Statistical Channel Correlation Functions
2.2.2 Classification of Channels
2.2.3 Channel Output Autocorrelation
2.3 Laboratory Simulation of Multipath-Fading Channels
2.3.1 Filtered Gaussian Noise
2.3.2 Sum of Sinusoids Method
2.3.3 Multiple Faded Envelopes
2.3.4 Simulation of Wide-band Multipath-Fading Channels
2.4 Shadowing
2.4.1 Laboratory Simulation of Shadowing
2.4.2 Composite Shadowing-Fading Distributions
2.4.2.1 Composite Gamma-log-normal Distribution
2.5 Path Loss Models
2.5.1 Path Loss in Macrocells
2.5.1.1 Okumura-Hata and CCIR Models
2.5.1.2 Lee’s Area-to-Area Model
2.5.2 Path Loss in Outdoor Microcells
2.5.2.1 COST231-Hata Model
2.5.2.2 COST231-Walfish-Ikegami Model
2.5.2.3 Street Microcells
2.5.3 Path Loss in Indoor Microcells
APPENDIX 2.A: Derivation of Equation (2.205)
APPENDIX 2.B: Derivation of Equation (2.222)
Problems
3. Co-Channel Interference
3.1 Multiple Log-normal Interferers
3.1.1 Fenton-Wilkinson Method
3.1.2 Schwartz-and Yeh-Method
3.1.3 Parley’s Method
3.1.4 Numerical Comparisons
3.2 Probability of Outage
3.3 Multiple Ricean/Rayleigh Interferers
3.4 Multiple Log-normal Nakagami Interferers
3.4.1 Statistically Identical Interferers
3.5 Multiple Log-normal Ricean/Rayleigh Interferers
3.5.1 Single Interferer
3.5.2 Multiple Interferers
Problems
4. Modulated Signals And Their Power Spectra
4.1 Representation of Band-pass Modulated Signals
4.1.1 Vector Space Representations
4.1.2 Gram-Schmidt Procedure
4.1.3 Signal Energy and Correlations
4.2 Nyquist Pulse Shaping
4.3 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
4.4 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
4.4.1 Offset QPSK (OQSPK)
4.4.2 π/4-DQPSK
4.5 Orthogonal Modulation and Variants
4.6 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
4.6.1 Multiresolution Modulation
4.6.2 FFT-Based OFDM System
4.7 Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM)
4.7.1 Full Response CPM
4.7.1.1 Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)
4.8 Partial Response CPM
4.8.1 Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
4.8.2 Linearized OMSK (LGMSK)
4.8.3 Tamed Frequency Modulation (TFM)
4.9 Power Spectral Densities of Digitally Modulated Signals
4.9.1 Psd of a Complex Envelope
4.9.2 Psd of QAM
4.9.3 Psd of PSK
4.9.4 Psd of OQPSK
4.9.5 Psd of π/4-DQPSK
4.9.6 Psd of OFDM
4.9.7 Psd of Full Response CPM
4.9.7.1 Psd of CPFSK
4.9.7.2 Psd of MSK
4.9.8 Psd of GMSK and TFM
Problems
5. Digital Signaling On Flat Fading Channels
5.1 Vector Space Representation Of Received Signals
5.2 Detection Of Known Signals In Additive White Gaussian Noise
5.3 Probability Of Error
5.3.1 Pairwise Error Probability
5.3.2 Upper Bounds on Error Probability
5.3.3 Lower Bound on Error Probability
5.3.4 Bit Versus Symbol Error Probabilities
5.4 Error Probability Of PSK
5.5 Error Probability of M-QAM
5.6 Error Probability of Orthogonal Signals
5.7 Error Probability of OFDM
5.8 Error Probability of MSK
5.9 Differential Detection
5.9.1 Differential Detection of π/4-DQPSK
5.10 Non-coherent Detection
5.11 Detection of CPM Signals
5.11.1 Coherent CPM Demodulator
5.11.2 Non-coherent CPM Demodulator
Problems
6. Antenna Diversity
6.1 Diversity Combining
6.2 Selective Combining
6.3 Maximal Ratio Combining
6.4 Equal Gain Combining
6.5 Switched Combining
6.6 Differential Detection with Equal Gain Combining
6.7 Transmitter Diversity
6.7.1 Space-Time Transmit Diversity
Problems
7. Equalization And Interference Cancellation
7.1 Overview
7.1.1 Symbol-by-symbol Equalizers
7.1.2 Sequence Estimation
7.1.3 Co-Channel Interference Cancellation
7.2 Modeling of ISI Channels
7.2.1 Vector Representation of Received Signals
7.3 Optimum Receiver for ISI Channels with AWGN
7.3.1 Discrete-Time White Noise Channel Model
7.3.1.1 Time Varying Channels with Diversity
7.3.1.2 T/2-Spaced Receiver
7.4 Symbol-by-Symbol Equalizers
7.4.1 Linear Equalizer
7.4.1.1 Zero-Forcing (ZF)
7.4.1.2 Minimum Mean-Square-Error (MMSE)
7.4.2 Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE)
7.4.3 Comparison of Symbol-by-symbol Equalizers
7.5 Sequence Estimation
7.5.1 MLSE and the Viterbi Algorithm
7.5.1.1 Adaptive MLSE Receiver
7.5.1.2 T/2-spaced MLSE Receiver
7.5.2 Delayed Decision-Feedback Sequence Estimation
7.5.3 Reduced-State Sequence Estimation
7.6 Error Probability for MLSE on ISI Channels
7.6.1 Static ISI Channels
7.6.2 Fading ISI Channels
7.6.3 Computing the Union Bound
7.6.3.1 Error-State Diagram
7.6.3.2 The Stack Algorithm
7.6.4 Examples
7.7 Error Probability for T/2-spaced MLSE Receiver
7.7.1 T-spaced MLSE Receiver
7.7.2 T/2-spaced MLSE Receiver
7.7.3 Practical T/2-spaced MLSE Receiver
7.7.4 Timing Phase Sensitivity
7.8 MIMO MLSE Receivers
7.8.1 System and Channel Model
7.8.2 Joint Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation
7.8.3 Discrete-time MIMO Channel Model
7.8.4 The Viterbi Algorithm
7.8.5 Pairwise Error Probability
7.8.6 T/2-Spaced MIMO MLSE Receiver
7.8.6.1 Error Probability
7.8.6.2 Timing Phase Sensitivity
7.8.6.3 Practical Receiver
7.8.7 Interference Rejection Combining MLSE
7.8.8 Examples
Appendix 7.A : Derivation of Equation(7.184)
Problems
8. Error Control Coding
8.1 Block Codes
8.1.1 Binary Block Codes
8.1.1.1 Minimum Distance
8.1.1.2 Syndromes
8.1.1.3 Error Detection
8.1.1.4 Weight Distribution
8.1.1.5 Probability of Undetected Error
8.1.1.6 Error Correction
8.1.1.7 Standard Array Decoding
8.1.1.8 Syndrome Decoding
8.2 Convolutional Codes
8.2.1 Encoder Description
8.2.2 State and Trellis Diagrams, and Weight Distribution
8.2.3 Recursive Systematic Convolutional (RSC) Codes
8.3 Trellis Coded Modulation
8.3.1 Encoder Description
8.3.2 Mapping by Set Partitioning
8.4 Coded Performance on AWGN Channels
8.4.1 Union Bound for Convolutional Codes
8.5 Coded Performance on Interleaved Flat Fading Channels
8.5.1 Design Rules for TCM on Flat Fading Channels
8.5.1.1 Multidimensional TCM
8.5.1.2 Multiple TCM (MTCM)
8.5.1.3 2-D Trellis Codes
8.6 Coded Performance on ISI Channels
8.6.1 TCM on Static ISI Channels
8.6.2 TCM on Noninterleaved Fading ISI Channels
8.6.3 Examples
8.6.3.1 Static ISI Channels
8.6.3.2 Multipath Fading ISI Channels
8.6.4 Evaluation of Union Bounds for TCM
8.7 Turbo Codes
8.7.1 PCCC Encoder
8.7.2 PCCC Decoder
8.7.3 SCCC Encoder and Decoder
8.7.4 Weight Distribution
8.7.4.1 Weight Distribution of PCCCs
8.7.4.2 Weight Distribution of SCCCs
Problems
9. Spread Spectrum Techniques
9.1 Basic Principles of Spread Spectrum
9.1.1 Direct Sequence (DS) Spread Spectrum
9.1.2 Frequency Hop (FH) Spread Spectrum
9.2 Spreading Sequences
9.2.1 Spreading Waveforms
9.2.2 m-sequences
9.2.3 Gold Sequences
9.2.4 Kasami Sequences
9.2.5 Barker Sequences
9.2.6 Walsh-Hadamard Sequences
9.2.6.1 Orthogonal and Bi-orthogonal Modulation
9.2.7 Variable Length Orthogonal Codes
9.2.8 Complementary Code Keying (CCK)
9.3 Power Spectral Density of DS Spread Spectrum Signals
9.4 Performance of DS/OPSK in Tone Interference
9.5 DS Spread Spectrum on Frequency-Selective Fading Channels
9.5.1 RAKE Receiver
9.6 Error Probability for DS CDMA on AWGN Channels
9.6.1 Standard Gaussian Approximation
9.6.2 Improved Gaussian Approximation
9.6.3 Simplified Gaussian Approximation
Problems
10. TDMA Cellular Architectures
10.1 Cell Sectoring
10.1.1 Cell Sectoring with Wide-beam Directional Antennas
10.1.2 Sectoring with Switched-beam Antennas
10.1.3 Trunkpool Techniques
10.1.4 Cellular Performance with Switched-beam Antennas
10.1.4.1 Reverse Channel
10.1.4.2 Forward Channel
10.1.4.3 Performance Criteria and Results
10.2 Conventional Cell Splitting
10.2.1 Reuse Partitioning
10.2.1.1 Cell Splitting with Reuse Partitioning
10.3 Cluster Planned Hierarchical Architecture
10.3.1 System Architecture
10.3.2 Underlaid Microcell Planning Algorithm
10.3.3 Performance Analysis of Cluster Planned Architecture
10.3.3.1 Macrocell Performance
10.3.3.2 Microcell Performance
10.3.3.3 Adjacent Channel Interference Analysis
10.4 Macrodiversity Architectures
10.4.1 Probability of Co-channel Interference Outage
10.4.2 Shadow Correlation
10.4.3 Numercial Examples
Appendix 10.A: Derivation of Equation
Problems
11. CDMA Cellular Architectures
11.1 Capacity of Cellular CDMA
11.1.1 Reverse Link Capacity
11.1.2 Forward Link Capacity
11.1.3 Imperfect Power Control
11.2 Error Probability with RAKE Reception
11.2.1 Maximal Ratio Combining
Problems
12. Link Quality Measurement And HandOff Initiation
12.1 Signal Strength Based Hard Handoff Algorithms
12.2 Pilot-to-interference Ratio Based Soft Handoff Algorithms
12.3 Signal Strength Averaging
12.3.1 Choosing the Proper Window Length
12.3.2 Choosing the Proper Number of Samples to Average
12.4 Velocity Estimation in Cellular Systems
12.4.1 Level Crossing Rate Estimators
12.4.2 Covariance Approximation Methods
12.4.3 Velocity Estimator Sensitivity
12.4.3.1 Effect of the Scattering Distribution
12.4.3.2 Effects of Additive Gaussian Noise
12.5 Velocity Adaptive Handoff Algorithms
12.5.1 Effect of Nλ
12.5.2 Corner Effects and Sensitivity to a and Wι
12.5.3 Velocity Adaptive Handoff Performance
12.6 HardHandoffAnalysis
12.6.1 Simulation Results
12.7 Soft HandoffAnalysis
12.7.1 Simulation Results
12.8 CIR-based Link Quality Measurements
12.8.1 Discrete-Time Model for Signal Quality Estimation
12.8.1.1 Estimation of (I+N)
12.8.1.2 Estimation of C/(I+N)
12.8.2 Training Sequence Based C/(I+N) Estimation
12.9 Summary
Appendix 12.A: Derivation of Equations(12.47) and (12.60)
Problems
13. Channel Assignment Techniques
13.1 Centralized DCA
13.1.1 Maximum Packing (MP)
13.1.2 MAXMIN Scheme
13.2 Decentralized DCA
13.2.1 First Available (FA) and Nearest Neighbor (NN)
13.2.2 Dynamic Resource Acquisition (DRA)
13.3 Fully Decentralized DCA
13.3.1 Channel Segregation (CS)
13.3.2 Channel Segregation with Variable Threshold
13.3.3 Minimum Interference (MI) Schemes
13.3.4 Aggressive and Timid DCA Strategies
13.4 Hybrid FCA/DCA Schemes
13.5 Borrowing Schemes
13.5.1 Borrowing with Channel Ordering (BCO)
13.5.2 Borrowing with Directional Locking
13.5.3 Borrowing without Locking
13.5.4 Compact Pattern Based DCA
13.6 Directed Retry and Directed Handoff
13.7 Moving Direction Strategies
13.8 Reduced Transceiver Coverage
13.8.1 Reuse Partitioning
13.9 Handoff Priority
13.10 Example DCA Schemes for TDMA Systems
13.10.1 The Simple DCA (SDCA) Strategy
13.10.2 A Queueing DCA Strategy
13.10.3 An Aggressive DCA Strategy
13.10.4 Simulation Model, Results, and Discussion
13.11 Concluding Remarks
Problems
Appendix A. Probability and Random Processes
A.1 Conditional Probability and Bayes’ Theorem
A.2 Means, Moments, and Moment Generating Functions
A.3 Some Useful Probability Distributions
A.3.1 Discrete Distributions
A.3.2 Continuous Distributions
A.4 Upper Bounds on the cdfc
A.5 Random Processes
A.5.1 Moments and Correlation Functions
A.5.2 Crosscorrelation and Crosscovariance
A.5.3 Complex-Valued Random Processes
A.5.4 Power Spectral Density
A.5.5 Random Processes Filtered by Linear Systems
A.5.6 Discrete-time Random Processes
A.5.7 Cyclostationary Random Processes
References
Index
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Principles of
Mobile Communication
Second Edition
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Principles of
Mobile Communication
Second Edition
Gordon L. Stüber
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia USA
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW
eBook ISBN:
Print ISBN:
0-306-47315-1
0-792-37998-5
©2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers
New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow
All rights reserved
No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher
Created in the United States of America
Visit Kluwer Online at:
and Kluwer's eBookstore at:
http://www.kluweronline.com
http://www.ebooks.kluweronline.com
Contents
Preface
1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Wireless Systems and Standards
1.1.1 First Generation Cellular Systems
1.1.2
Second Generation Cellular Systems
GSM/DCS1800/PCS1900
1.1.2.1
1.1.2.2
IS-54/136 and IS-95
1.1.2.3 PDC
Third Generation Cellular Systems
1.1.3 Cordless Telephone Systems
1.1.4
1.1.5 Wireless LANs and and PANs
Frequency Reuse and the Cellular Concept
Mobile Radio Propagation Environment
Co-channel Interference and Noise
Receiver Sensitivity and Link Budget
Coverage
Spectral Efficiency and Capacity
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
PROPAGATION MODELING
2.1
2.
Frequency-Non-Selective (Flat) Multipath-Fading
2.1.1 Received Signal Correlation and Spectrum
2.1.2 Received Envelope and Phase Distribution
2.1.2.1 Rayleigh Fading
2.1.2.2
2.1.2.3 Nakagami Fading
2.1.2.4
Envelope Phase
Ricean Fading
2.1.3 Envelope Correlation and Spectra
2.1.3.1
Squared-Envelope Correlation and Spectra
2.1.4 Level Crossing Rates and Fade Durations
2.1.4.1 Envelope Level Crossing Rate
2.1.4.2 Zero Crossing Rate
2.1.4.3
Spatial Correlations
Average Envelope Fade Duration
2.1.5
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