Fluid Mechanics --- Frank M.White-.pdf

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Textbook

Preface

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Preliminary Remarks

1.2 The Concept of a Fluid

1.3 The Fluid as a Continuum

1.4 Dimensions and Units

1.5 Properties of the Velocity Field

1.6 Thermodynamic Properties of a Fluid

1.7 Viscosity and Other Secondary Properties

1.8 Basic Flow-Analysis Techniques

1.9 Flow Patterns: Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines

1.10 The Engineering Equation Solver

1.11 Uncertainty of Experimental Data

1.12 The Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) Examination

1.13 Problem-Solving Techniques

1.14 History and Scope of Fluid Mechanics

Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems

Chapter 2 Pressure Distribution in a Fluid

2.1 Pressure and Pressure Gradient

2.2 Equilibrium of a Fluid Element

2.3 Hydrostatic Pressure Distributions

2.4 Application to Manometry

2.5 Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces

2.6 Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces

2.7 Hydrostatic Forces in Layered Fluids

2.8 Buoyancy and Stability

2.9 Pressure Distribution in Rigid-Body Motion

2.10 Pressure Measurement

Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems

Chapter 3 Integral Relations for a Control Volume

3.1 Basic Physical Laws of Fluid Mechanics

3.2 The Reynolds Transport Theorem

3.3 Conservation of Mass

3.4 The Linear Momentum Equation

3.5 The Angular-Momentum Theorem

3.6 The Energy Equation

3.7 Frictionless Flow: The Bernoulli Equation

Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems

Chapter 4 Differential Relations for a Fluid Particle

4.1 The Acceleration Field of a Fluid

4.2 The Differential Equation of Mass Conservation

4.3 The Differential Equation of Linear Momentum

4.4 The Differential Equation of Angular Momentum

4.5 The Differential Equation of Energy

4.6 Boundary Conditions for the Basic Equations

4.7 The Stream Function

4.8 Vorticity and Irrotationality

4.9 Frictionless Irrotational Flows

4.10 Some Illustrative Plane Potential Flows

4.11 Some Illustrative Incompressible Viscous Flows

Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems

Chapter 5 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity

5.1 Introduction

5.2 The Principle of Dimensional Homogeneity

5.3 The Pi Theorem

5.4 Nondimensionalization of the Basic Equations

5.5 Modeling and Its Pitfalls

Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems

Chapter 6 Viscous Flow in Ducts

6.1 Reynolds-Number Regimes

6.2 Internal versus External Viscous Flows

6.3 Semiempirical Turbulent Shear Correlations

6.4 Flow in a Circular Pipe

6.5 Three Types of Pipe-Flow Problems

6.6 Flow in Noncircular Ducts

6.7 Minor Losses in Pipe Systems

6.8 Multiple-Pipe Systems

6.9 Experimental Duct Flows: Diffuser Performance

6.10 Fluid Meters

Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems

Chapter 7 Flow Past Immersed Bodies

7.1 Reynolds-Number and Geometry Effects

7.2 Momentum-Integral Estimates

7.3 The Boundary-Layer Equations

7.4 The Flat-Plate Boundary Layer

7.5 Boundary Layers with Pressure Gradient

7.6 Experimental External Flows

Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems

Chapter 8 Potential Flow and Computational Fluid Dynamics

8.1 Introduction and Review

8.2 Elementary Plane-Flow Solutions

8.3 Superposition of Plane-Flow Solutions

8.4 Plane Flow Past Closed-Body Shapes

8.5 Other Plane Potential Flows

8.6 Images

8.7 Airfoil Theory

8.8 Axisymmetric Potential Flow

8.9 Numerical Analysis

Chapter 9 Compressible Flow

9.1 Introduction

9.2 The Speed of Sound

9.3 Adiabatic and Isentropic Steady Flow

9.4 Isentropic Flow with Area Changes

9.5 The Normal-Shock Wave

9.6 Operation of Converging and Diverging Nozzles

9.7 Compressible Duct Flow with Friction

9.8 Frictionless Duct Flow with Heat Transfer

9.9 Two-Dimensional Supersonic Flow

9.10 Prandtl-Meyer Expansion Waves

Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems

Chapter 10 Open-Channel Flow

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Uniform Flow; the Chézy Formula

10.3 Efficient Uniform-Flow Channels

10.4 Specific Energy; Critical Depth

10.5 The Hydraulic Jump

10.6 Gradually Varied Flow

10.7 Flow Measurement and Control by Weirs

Fundamentals of Engineering Exam Problems

Chapter 11 Turbomachinery

11.1 Introduction and Classification

11.2 The Centrifugal Pump

11.3 Pump Performance Curves and Similarity Rules

11.4 Mixed- and Axial-Flow Pumps: The Specific Speed

11.5 Matching Pumps to System Characteristics

11.6 Turbines

Appendix A: Physical Properties of Fluids

Appendix B: Compressible-Flow Tables

Appendix C: Conversion Factors

Appendix D: Equations of Motion in Cylindrical Coordinates

Appendix E: Introduction to EES

Answers to Selected Problems

Index

Study Guide

Chapter 1 Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

Chapter 3 Control Volume Relations for Fluid Analysis

Chapter 4 Differential Relations for a Fluid Particle

Chapter 5 Modeling, Similarity, and Dimensional Analysis

Chapter 6 Viscous Internal Flow

Chapter 7 Boundary Layer Flows

Chapter 8 Potential Flow and Computational Fluid Dynamics

Chapter 9 Compressible Flow

Chapter 10 Open-Channel Flow

Chapter 11 Turbomachinery

Fluid Mechanics

McGraw-Hill Series in Mechanical Engineering CONSULTING EDITORS Jack P. Holman, Southern Methodist University John Lloyd, Michigan State University Anderson Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Basics with Applications Anderson Modern Compressible Flow: With Historical Perspective Arora Introduction to Optimum Design Borman and Ragland Combustion Engineering Burton Introduction to Dynamic Systems Analysis Culp Principles of Energy Conversion Dieter Engineering Design: A Materials & Processing Approach Doebelin Engineering Experimentation: Planning, Execution, Reporting Driels Linear Control Systems Engineering Edwards and McKee Fundamentals of Mechanical Component Design Gebhart Heat Conduction and Mass Diffusion Gibson Principles of Composite Material Mechanics Hamrock Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication Heywood Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals Hinze Turbulence Histand and Alciatore Introduction to Mechatronics and Measurement Systems Holman Experimental Methods for Engineers Howell and Buckius Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics Jaluria Design and Optimization of Thermal Systems Juvinall Engineering Considerations of Stress, Strain, and Strength Kays and Crawford Convective Heat and Mass Transfer Kelly Fundamentals of Mechanical Vibrations Kimbrell Kinematics Analysis and Synthesis Kreider and Rabl Heating and Cooling of Buildings Martin Kinematics and Dynamics of Machines Mattingly Elements of Gas Turbine Propulsion Modest Radiative Heat Transfer Norton Design of Machinery Oosthuizen and Carscallen Compressible Fluid Flow Oosthuizen and Naylor Introduction to Convective Heat Transfer Analysis Phelan Fundamentals of Mechanical Design Reddy An Introduction to Finite Element Method Rosenberg and Karnopp Introduction to Physical Systems Dynamics Schlichting Boundary-Layer Theory Shames Mechanics of Fluids Shigley Kinematic Analysis of Mechanisms Shigley and Mischke Mechanical Engineering Design Shigley and Uicker Theory of Machines and Mechanisms Stiffler Design with Microprocessors for Mechanical Engineers Stoecker and Jones Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Turns An Introduction to Combustion: Concepts and Applications Ullman The Mechanical Design Process Wark Advanced Thermodynamics for Engineers Wark and Richards Thermodynamics White Viscous Fluid Flow Zeid CAD/CAM Theory and Practice

Fluid Mechanics Fourth Edition Frank M. White University of Rhode Island Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, WI New York San Francisco St. Louis Bangkok Bogotá Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto

About the Author Frank M. White is Professor of Mechanical and Ocean Engineering at the University of Rhode Island. He studied at Georgia Tech and M.I.T. In 1966 he helped found, at URI, the first department of ocean engineering in the country. Known primarily as a teacher and writer, he has received eight teaching awards and has written four text- books on fluid mechanics and heat transfer. During 1979–1990 he was editor-in-chief of the ASME Journal of Fluids Engi- neering and then served from 1991 to 1997 as chairman of the ASME Board of Edi- tors and of the Publications Committee. He is a Fellow of ASME and in 1991 received the ASME Fluids Engineering Award. He lives with his wife, Jeanne, in Narragansett, Rhode Island. v

To Jeanne

Preface General Approach Learning Tools The fourth edition of this textbook sees some additions and deletions but no philo- sophical change. The basic outline of eleven chapters and five appendices remains the same. The triad of integral, differential, and experimental approaches is retained and is approached in that order of presentation. The book is intended for an undergraduate course in fluid mechanics, and there is plenty of material for a full year of instruction. The author covers the first six chapters and part of Chapter 7 in the introductory se- mester. The more specialized and applied topics from Chapters 7 to 11 are then cov- ered at our university in a second semester. The informal, student-oriented style is re- tained and, if it succeeds, has the flavor of an interactive lecture by the author. Approximately 30 percent of the problem exercises, and some fully worked examples, have been changed or are new. The total number of problem exercises has increased to more than 1500 in this fourth edition. The focus of the new problems is on practi- cal and realistic fluids engineering experiences. Problems are grouped according to topic, and some are labeled either with an asterisk (especially challenging) or a com- puter-disk icon (where computer solution is recommended). A number of new pho- tographs and figures have been added, especially to illustrate new design applications and new instruments. Professor John Cimbala, of Pennsylvania State University, contributed many of the new problems. He had the great idea of setting comprehensive problems at the end of each chapter, covering a broad range of concepts, often from several different chap- ters. These comprehensive problems grow and recur throughout the book as new con- cepts arise. Six more open-ended design projects have been added, making 15 projects in all. The projects allow the student to set sizes and parameters and achieve good de- sign with more than one approach. An entirely new addition is a set of 95 multiple-choice problems suitable for prepar- ing for the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) Examination. These FE problems come at the end of Chapters 1 to 10. Meant as a realistic practice for the actual FE Exam, they are engineering problems with five suggested answers, all of them plausible, but only one of them correct. xi

xii Preface Content Changes New to this book, and to any fluid mechanics textbook, is a special appendix, Ap- pendix E, Introduction to the Engineering Equation Solver (EES), which is keyed to many examples and problems throughout the book. The author finds EES to be an ex- tremely attractive tool for applied engineering problems. Not only does it solve arbi- trarily complex systems of equations, written in any order or form, but also it has built- in property evaluations (density, viscosity, enthalpy, entropy, etc.), linear and nonlinear regression, and easily formatted parameter studies and publication-quality plotting. The author is indebted to Professors Sanford Klein and William Beckman, of the Univer- sity of Wisconsin, for invaluable and continuous help in preparing this EES material. The book is now available with or without an EES problems disk. The EES engine is available to adopters of the text with the problems disk. Another welcome addition, especially for students, is Answers to Selected Prob- lems. Over 600 answers are provided, or about 43 percent of all the regular problem assignments. Thus a compromise is struck between sometimes having a specific nu- merical goal and sometimes directly applying yourself and hoping for the best result. There are revisions in every chapter. Chapter 1—which is purely introductory and could be assigned as reading—has been toned down from earlier editions. For ex- ample, the discussion of the fluid acceleration vector has been moved entirely to Chap- ter 4. Four brief new sections have been added: (1) the uncertainty of engineering data, (2) the use of EES, (3) the FE Examination, and (4) recommended problem- solving techniques. Chapter 2 has an improved discussion of the stability of floating bodies, with a fully derived formula for computing the metacentric height. Coverage is confined to static fluids and rigid-body motions. An improved section on pressure measurement discusses modern microsensors, such as the fused-quartz bourdon tube, micromachined silicon capacitive and piezoelectric sensors, and tiny (2 mm long) silicon resonant-frequency devices. Chapter 3 tightens up the energy equation discussion and retains the plan that Bernoulli’s equation comes last, after control-volume mass, linear momentum, angu- lar momentum, and energy studies. Although some texts begin with an entire chapter on the Bernoulli equation, this author tries to stress that it is a dangerously restricted relation which is often misused by both students and graduate engineers. In Chapter 4 a few inviscid and viscous flow examples have been added to the ba- sic partial differential equations of fluid mechanics. More extensive discussion con- tinues in Chapter 8. Chapter 5 is more successful when one selects scaling variables before using the pi theorem. Nevertheless, students still complain that the problems are too ambiguous and lead to too many different parameter groups. Several problem assignments now con- tain a few hints about selecting the repeating variables to arrive at traditional pi groups. In Chapter 6, the “alternate forms of the Moody chart” have been resurrected as problem assignments. Meanwhile, the three basic pipe-flow problems—pressure drop, flow rate, and pipe sizing—can easily be handled by the EES software, and examples are given. Some newer flowmeter descriptions have been added for further enrichment. Chapter 7 has added some new data on drag and resistance of various bodies, notably biological systems which adapt to the flow of wind and water.

Supplements EES Software Preface xiii Chapter 8 picks up from the sample plane potential flows of Section 4.10 and plunges right into inviscid-flow analysis, especially aerodynamics. The discussion of numeri- cal methods, or computational fluid dynamics (CFD), both inviscid and viscous, steady and unsteady, has been greatly expanded. Chapter 9, with its myriad complex algebraic equations, illustrates the type of examples and problem assignments which can be solved more easily using EES. A new section has been added about the suborbital X- 33 and VentureStar vehicles. In the discussion of open-channel flow, Chapter 10, we have further attempted to make the material more attractive to civil engineers by adding real-world comprehen- sive problems and design projects from the author’s experience with hydropower proj- ects. More emphasis is placed on the use of friction factors rather than on the Man- ning roughness parameter. Chapter 11, on turbomachinery, has added new material on compressors and the delivery of gases. Some additional fluid properties and formulas have been included in the appendices, which are otherwise much the same. The all new Instructor’s Resource CD contains a PowerPoint presentation of key text figures as well as additional helpful teaching tools. The list of films and videos, for- merly App. C, is now omitted and relegated to the Instructor’s Resource CD. The Solutions Manual provides complete and detailed solutions, including prob- lem statements and artwork, to the end-of-chapter problems. It may be photocopied for posting or preparing transparencies for the classroom. The Engineering Equation Solver (EES) was developed by Sandy Klein and Bill Beck- man, both of the University of Wisconsin—Madison. A combination of equation-solving capability and engineering property data makes EES an extremely powerful tool for your students. EES (pronounced “ease”) enables students to solve problems, especially design problems, and to ask “what if” questions. EES can do optimization, parametric analysis, linear and nonlinear regression, and provide publication-quality plotting capability. Sim- ple to master, this software allows you to enter equations in any form and in any order. It automatically rearranges the equations to solve them in the most efficient manner. EES is particularly useful for fluid mechanics problems since much of the property data needed for solving problems in these areas are provided in the program. Air ta- bles are built-in, as are psychometric functions and Joint Army Navy Air Force (JANAF) table data for many common gases. Transport properties are also provided for all sub- stances. EES allows the user to enter property data or functional relationships written in Pascal, C, C⫹⫹, or Fortran. The EES engine is available free to qualified adopters via a password-protected website, to those who adopt the text with the problems disk. The program is updated every semester. The EES software problems disk provides examples of typical problems in this text. Problems solved are denoted in the text with a disk symbol. Each fully documented solution is actually an EES program that is run using the EES engine. Each program provides detailed comments and on-line help. These programs illustrate the use of EES and help the student master the important concepts without the calculational burden that has been previously required.

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