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Introduction to Space-Time wireless Communications.pdf

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    Introduction to Space-Time Wireless Communications
    Contents
    Preface
    1.Introduction
    1.1 History of radio, antennas and array signal processing
    1.2 Exploiting multiple antennas in wireless
    1.2.1 Array gain
    1.2.2 Diversity gain
    1.2.3 Spatial multiplexing (SM)
    1.2.4 Interference reduction
    1.3 ST wireless communication systems
    2.ST propagation
    2.1 Introduction
    2.2 The wireless channel
    2.2.1 Path loss
    2.2.2 Fading
    2.3 Scattering model in macrocells
    2.4 Channel as a ST random field
    2.4.1 Wide sense siationarity (WSS)
    2.4.2 Uncorrelated scattering (US)
    2.4.3 Homogeneous channels (HO)
    2.5 Scattering functions
    2.6 Polarization and field diverse channels
    2.7 Antenna array topology
    2.8 Degenerate channels
    2.9 Reciprocity and its implications
    3.ST channel and signal models
    3.1 Introduction
    3.2 Definitions
    3.2.1 SISO channel
    3.2.2 SIMO channel
    3.2.3 MISO channel
    3.2.4 MIMO channel
    3.3 Physical scattering model for ST channels
    3.3.1 SIMO channel
    3.3.2 MlSO channel
    3.3.3 MIMO channel
    3.4 Extended channel models
    3.4.1 Spatial fading correlation
    3.4.2 LOS Component
    3.4.3 Cross-polarized antennas
    3.4.4 Degenerate chavmels
    3.5 Statistical properties of H
    3.5.1 Singular values ot H
    3.5.2 Squared Frobenius norm of H
    3.6 Channel measurements and test channels
    3.7 Sampled signal model
    3.7.1 Normalization
    3.7.2 SISO sampled signal model
    3.7.3 SIWO sampled signal model
    3.7.4 MISO sampled signal model
    3.7.5 MIMO sampled signal model
    3.8 ST multiuser and ST interference channels
    3.8.1 ST multiuser channel
    3.8.2 ST interference channel
    3.9 ST channel estimation
    3.9.1 Estimating the ST channel at the receiver
    3.9.2 Estimating the ST channel at the transmitter
    4.Capacity of ST channels
    4.1 Introduction
    4.2 Capacity of the frequency flat deterministic MIMO channel
    4.3 Channel unknown to the Iraosmitter
    4.4 Channel known to the transmitter
    4.4.1 Capacities of SIMO and MISO channels
    4.5 Capacity of random MIMO channels
    4.5.1 Capacity of channels for large M
    4.5.2 Statistical characterization of the information rate
    4.6 Influence of Ricean fading, fading correlation, XPD anddegeneracy on MIMO capacity
    4.6.1 Influence of the spatial fading correlation
    4.6.2 Influence of the LOS componerit
    4.6.3 Influence of XPD in a non-fading channel
    4.6.4 Influence of degeneracy
    4.7 Capacity of frequency selective MIMO channels
    5.Spatial diversity
    5.1 Introduction
    5.2 Diversity gain
    5.2.1 Coding gain vs diversity gain
    5.2.2 Spatial diversity vs time/frequeitcy diversity
    5.3 Receive antenna diversity
    5.4 Transmit antenna diversity
    5.4,1 Channel unknown to the transmitter; MlSO
    5.4.2 Channel known to the transmitter: MISO
    5 4.3 Channel unknown to the transmitter: MIMO
    5.4.4 Channel known to the transmitter: MIMO
    5.5 Diversity order and channel variability
    5.6 Diversity performance in extended channels
    5.6.1 Influence of signal correlation and gain imbalance
    5.6.2 Influence of Ricean fading
    5.6.3 Degenerate MIMO channels
    5.7 Combined space and path diversity
    5.8 Indirect transmit diversity
    5.8.1 Delay diversity
    5.8,2 Phase-roll diversity
    5.9 Diversity of a space-time-frequency selective fading channel
    6. ST coding without channel knowledge at Transmitter
    6.1 Introduction
    6.2 Coding and interleaving architecture
    6.3 ST coding for frequency flat channels
    6.3.1 Signal model
    6.3.2 ST codeword design criteria
    6.3.3 ST diversity cod'ung (rs < 1)
    6.3.5 Spatial multiplexing as a ST code (rs = Mr)
    6.3.6 ST coding for intermediate rates (1 < rs < Mt}
    6.4 ST coding for frequency selective channels
    6.4.1 Signal model
    6.4.2 ST codeword design criteria
    7.ST receivers
    7.1 Introduction
    7.2 Receivers: SISO
    7.2.1 Frequency flat channel
    7.2.2 Frequency selective channel
    7.3 Receivers： SIMO
    7.3,1 Frequency flat channel
    7.3.2 Frequency selective channels
    7.4 Receivers： MIMO
    7.4.1 ST diversity schemes
    7.4 2 SM schemes
    7.4.3 SM with horizontal and diagonal encoding
    7.4.4 Frequency selective channel
    7.5 Iterative MIMO receivers
    8.Exploiting channel knowledge at the transmitter
    8.1 Introduction
    8.2 Linear pre-filtering
    8.3 Optimal pre-filtering for maximum rate
    8.3.1 Full channel knowledge
    8.3.2 Partial channel knowledge
    8.4 Optimal pre-filtering for error rate minimization
    8.4.1 Full channel knowledge
    8.4.2 Partial channel knowledge
    8.5 Selection at the transmitter
    8.5.1 Selection between SM and diversity coding
    8.5.2 Antenna selection
    8.6 Exploiting imperfect channel knowledge
    9.ST OFDM and spread spectrum modulation
    9.1 Introduction
    9.2 SISO-OFDM modulation
    9.3 MIMO-OFDM modulation
    9.4 Signaling and receivers for M圃O-OFDMl
    9.4.1 Spatial diversity coding for MIMO-OFDM
    9.4.2 SM for MIMO-OFDM
    9.4.3 Space-frequency coded MIMO-OFDM
    9.5 SISO-SS modulation
    9.5.1 Frequency flat channel
    9.5.2 Frequency selective channel
    9.6 MIMO-SS modulation
    9.7 Signaling and receivers for MIMO-SS
    9.7.1 Spatial diversity coding for MIMO-SS
    9.7.2 SM for MIMO-SS
    10.MIMO-multiuser
    10.1 Introduction
    10.2 MIMO-MAC
    10.2.1 Signal model
    10.2.2 Capacity region
    10.2 3 Signaling and receiver design
    10.3 MIMO-BC
    10.3.1 Signal model
    10.3.2 Forward link capacity
    10.3,3 Signaling and receiver design
    10.4 Outage performance of MIMO-MU
    10.4.1 MU vs SU _ single cell
    10.4.2 MU single cell vs SU multicell
    10.5 MIMO-MU with OFDM
    10.6 CDMA and multiple antennas
    11.ST co-channel interference mitigation
    11.1 Introduction
    11.2 CCI characteristics
    11.3 Signal models
    11.3,1 SIMO Interference model (reverse link)
    11.3.2 MIMO interference channel (any link)
    11.3,3 MISD interference channel (forward link)
    11.4 CCI mitigation on receive for SIMO
    11.4.1 Frequency flat channel
    11.4.2 Frequency selective channel
    11.5 CCI mitigating receivers for MIMO
    11.5.1 Aiamouti coded signal and interference (MT = 2}
    11.6 CCI mitigation on transmit for MlSO
    11.6.1 Transmlt-MRC or matched beamforming
    11.6.2 Transmit ZF or nulling beamformer
    11.6.3 Max SINR beamforming with coordination
    11.7 Joint encoding and decoding
    11.8 SS modulation
    11.8.1 ST-RAKE
    11.8.2 ST pre-RAKE
    11.9 OFDM modulation
    11.10 Interference diversity and multiple antennas
    12.Performance limits and tradeoffs in MIMO channels
    12.1 Introduction
    12.2 Error performance in fading channels
    12.3 Signaling rate vs PER vs SNR
    12.4 Spectral efficiency of ST coding/receiver techniques
    12.4.1 D-BLAST
    12.4.2 OSTBC
    12.4.3 ST receivers for SM
    12.4.4 Receiver comparison: Varying Mr Mu
    12.5 System design
    12.6 Comments on capacity
    References1
    Introduction to Space-Time Wireless Communications \ v ^ ' n . c P 1- 、cck u_ iimprove the spccim m ef(n；icjn.y/cupacily. link ri：litib]]i(yt and v u c r o f \sirolcs netw orks. wireless Ux'tinology ihul u c m u h ip lc amcnnaH a lo n g 、\uh t p p r t ^ in a u 、i卜iijlin g littd rcccivcr tcctuiiqucs i>ricr\ a puw erlul (im)I lor im proving w ircle - ix - r lo m u iK t S o m t ij s p e d s o l th is te ch n o lo g y have already been incorjK tr^ed into 3 G m o b ile and fixed vv irrk > x staruiard^. N4orc ad\anccd spacc-iim e techn iques are p lann ed fo r future m tib ilc netwurics. 认 irc k 'v L A N s and W A N 、， The authors present the bas ic、o f ^pace-time w ireless pro pag atio n , ihc .space-time ch ann e l, diversny and c ap ac ity p e rfo rm a n ce , vpace-tim e co d in g , sp a ce-tim e receivers, interferen ce c ^n cellaiio n fo r single carrier m o d y lu tio n . a n d extensions o f O F D M and DS-spread s p c c lm m m o d u h t io n . They also vover space-tim e m u ll卜user c o m m u n ic a tio n s a n d system de s ig n tradeoffs. T his b o o k is an in tro d u c tio n to this rap id ly g ro w in g field fo r graduate students in wireless co m m u * n ications a n d fo r w ire less designers in industry H o m e w o rk problem s and oth e r sup p o rtin g m aterial are a v a ila b le o n 2 c o m p a n io n w ebsite, Arogyaswami Paulraj is 2. pioneer o f space-time wireless communications technology. He received his P h.D . fro m the In d ia n In stitute o f T ech n olog y an d is u Professor o f E lectrical E n g in e e rin g at S ia n lo rd University, where he .supervises the S m u rt A n te n n a i R esearch G rq u p , H e is the author o f nearly 3 0 0 research papers a n d h o ld s 18 patents. He has held several positions in In d ia n indusiry, le a d in g p r o g ra m i in m ilita ry sonars and high-speed c o m p u iin c before m o v in g to S tan fo rd University. H t founded lo s p a n W ire le s s to d e v e lo p M I M O space-time te ch n o lo g y for tixed w ireless access. H t is a F ellow o i lhe IE E E u n d a m e m b e r o f Ehc In d ia n N atio n u l A c a d e m y o f E n g ineering. R^iit Nabar was a graduate student in the Smart Antenna、Research Group and received hi、Ph D. trom S tan fo rd U niversity in February 20 03 . He is currently a post-doctoral researd>er at E T H . Z u ric h , Ohananfay Gore w a^ a g ra d u a te student in Ihe S m art A n ten n as R e sc a rd i G roup and received h is Ph D ‘ from S ta n fo rd U niv ersity in M a r c h 20 03 H e is currently a post*dnctoral rcs
    J0J}UI o0^ CQI S3X lunEEoo的的 QI3JIM oEil-aoedc ouo jlrao - c AMeaAcn nw Flncadebmss60< JeqcaN 芸 OQC oAte JQ i Allsja^un PJOEiacn Molz 0 psvcu• lISo:LU>Is!:n UJoarac 的 S3H0UA
    PDBLISHrO BY THE P R tS i i 、ND心Tl U ' ^HC U M V r R S Ii y OF The Pm Building, Tnimpington Sircei. Cambridge Unucd kingdom CAMBRIDUE UK1VERSI1 Y }»kLSi The Edinburgh Builcfin^. Cambridge CB2 2RLT, UK 40 Wesx 20ih Strtd. New York, N Y 10011-4211, USA 477 Williams【own Road. Port Melbourne, VfC 3207, Australia Ruiz dc Alarc6ii 13.28014 MadnU Spain Dock House. The Witerfront. Cape Town 800L South Afncj hup ^/www,caroib ridge »org © Cdmbndge University Press 2003 This book is in copyright Subject lo i.iatmory exception and to I he provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements. no reprodiKrtion of any part may take place without ihe wTiticn permission of Cambridge Universliy Pre、s First published 2003 Pnmcd in the United Kingdom at ihe Uni vers ily Press. Cambridge Vvpefaces Times 10.5/14 pt aiscl Helvetica Neue S\stem 2^ |Tb) A catalog record fo r tlus book is uw ituble from ih f British Library [SBN0 52I 82615 2 hardback
    Tbe first author dedicates the book to Nirmala, Mallika and Nirupa for their love and support. And we jointly dedicate this book to our parents for their sacrifices that brought us all to Stanford University.
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