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Seventh Edition Skoog Holler Crouch Principles Instrumental Analysis P r i n c p e s i l Skoog Holler Crouch To register or access your online learning solution or purchase materials for your course, visit www.cengagebrain.com. I n s t r u m e n t a l A n a l y s i s Seventh Edition Seventh Edition Principles Instrumental Analysis Skoog Holler Crouch Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

INterNAtIoNAl AtoMIc MASSeS* Name Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Mass Name Symbol Atomic Number Actinium Aluminium Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Bohrium Boron Bromine Cadmium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Cesium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copernicum Copper Curium Darmstadtium Dubnium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium Flerovium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Hassium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Lithium Livermorium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Meitnerium Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi Bh B Br Cd Ca Cf C Ce Cs Cl Cr Co Cn Cu Cm Ds Db Dy Es Er Eu Fm Fl F Fr Gd Ga Ge Au Hf Hs He Ho H In I Ir Fe Kr La Lr Pb Li Lv Lu Mg Mn Mt 89 13 95 51 18 33 85 56 97 4 83 107 5 35 48 20 98 6 58 55 17 24 27 112 29 96 110 105 66 99 68 63 100 114 9 87 64 31 32 79 72 108 2 67 1 49 53 77 26 36 57 103 82 3 116 71 12 25 109 [227] 26.9815385(7) [243] 121.760(1) 39.948(1) 74.921595(6) [210] 137.327(7) [247] 9.0121831(5) 208.98040(1) [270] 10.81 79.904 112.414(4) 40.078(4) [251] 12.011 140.116(1) 132.90545196(6) 35.45 51.9961(6) 58.933194(4) [285] 63.546(3) [247] [281] [270] 162.500(1) [252] 167.259(3) 151.964(1) [257] [289] 18.998403163(6) [223] 157.25(3) 69.723(1) 72.630(8) 196.966569(5) 178.49(2) [270] 4.002602(2) 164.93033(2) 1.008 114.818(1) 126.90447(3) 192.217(3) 55.845(2) 83.798(2) 138.90547(7) [262] 207.2(1) 6.94 [293] 174.9668(1) 24.305 54.938044(3) [278] Mendelevium Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Roentgenium Rubidium Ruthenium Rutherfordium Samarium Scandium Seaborgium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten Ununoctium Ununpentium Ununtrium Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium Md Hg Mo Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N No Os O Pd P Pt Pu Po K Pr Pm Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rg Rb Ru Rf Sm Sc Sg Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb Tl Th Tm Sn Ti W Uuo Uup Uut U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr 101 80 42 60 10 93 28 41 7 102 76 8 46 15 78 94 84 19 59 61 91 88 86 75 45 111 37 44 104 62 21 106 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 43 52 65 81 90 69 50 22 74 118 115 113 92 23 54 70 39 30 40 Atomic Mass [258] 200.592(3) 95.95(1) 144.242(3) 20.1797(6) [237] 58.6934(4) 92.90637(2) 14.007 [259] 190.23(3) 15.999 106.42(1) 30.973761998(5) 195.084(9) [244] [209] 39.0983(1) 140.90766(2) [145] 231.03588(2) [226] [222] 186.207(1) 102.90550(2) [281] 85.4678(3) 101.07(2) [267] 150.36(2) 44.955908(5) [269] 78.971(8) 28.085 107.8682(2) 22.98976928(2) 87.62(1) 32.06 180.94788(2) [97] 127.60(3) 158.92535(2) 204.38 232.0377(4) 168.93422(2) 118.710(7) 47.867(1) 183.84(1) [294] [289] [285] 238.02891(3) 50.9415(1) 131.293(6) 173.045(10) 88.90584(2) 65.38(2) 91.224(2) *The 2013 values from the IUPAC website at http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AtWt/ Numbers in parentheses indicate the uncertainty in the last digit of the atomic masses. Values enclosed in brackets, for example, [209], indicate the mass number of the longest-lived isotope of the element. From J. Meija, et al., Pure Appl. Chem., 2016, 88, 265, DoI: 10.1515/pac-2015-0305. Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

IMportANt phySIcAl coNStANtS constant Speed of light (in vacuo) Planck’s constant Avogadro’s number Faraday constant Gas constant Symbol c h N F R Boltzmann’s constant Rest mass of the electron Electronic charge k me e Value 2.99792 3108 ms21 6.626073 10234 J s 6.022140 31023 particles mol21 96485.33 C mol21 8.31446 J K21 mol21 0.0820578 L atm K21 mol21 1.38065 3 10223 J K21 9.10938 3 10231 kg 1.602177 3 10219 C eNergy coNVerSIoN FActorS 1 joule 5 1 erg 5 1 calorie 5 1 liter atmosphere 5 1 electron volt 5 Joules 1 1027 4.1840 1.0133 3 102 1.6022 3 10219 ergs 107 1 4.1840 3 107 1.0133 3 109 1.6022 3 10212 calories 2.3901 3 1021 2.3901 3 1028 1 24.217 3.8293 3 10220 liter Atmosphere 9.8692 3 1023 9.8692 3 10210 4.1293 3 1022 1 1.5812 3 10221 electron Volts 6.2415 3 1018 6.2415 3 1011 2.6114 3 1019 6.3242 3 1020 1 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

Principles of Instrumental Analysis Seventh Edition Douglas A. Skoog Stanford University F. James Holler University of Kentucky Stanley R. Crouch Michigan State University Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Seventh Edition Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. Crouch Product Director: Dawn Giovanniello Product Manager: Maureen Rosener Content Developer: Ed Dodd Product Assistant: Kristina Cannon Marketing Manager: Ana Albinson Content Project Manager: Teresa L. Trego Art Director: Sarah Cole Manufacturing Planner: Judy Inouye Intellectual Property Analyst: Christine Myaskovsky Intellectual Property Project Manager: Nick Barrows Production Service: Lumina Datamatics, Inc. Text Designer: Mike Tanamachi Cover Designer: Delgado and Company, Inc. Cover Image Credit: © Victor Koen, Attic Child Press, Inc. Compositor: Lumina Datamatics, Inc. © 2018, 2007, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, except as permitted by U.S. copyright law, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706. For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com. Library of Congress Control Number: 2016951793 ISBN: 978-1-305-57721-3 Cengage Learning 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with employees residing in nearly 40 different countries and sales in more than 125 countries around the world. Find your local representative at www.cengage.com. Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Cengage Learning Solutions, visit www.cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com. Printed in the United States of America Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2016 Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

We dedicate this book to Veronica Crouch (Nicky), who passed away July 11, 2016 due to metastatic pancreatic cancer. She was a valuable part of our team and will be greatly missed. Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

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