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jvm官方文档.pdf
The Java® Virtual Machine Specification
Table of Contents
Preface to the Java SE 7 Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
1. Introduction
1.1. A Bit of History
1.2. The Java Virtual Machine
1.3. Summary of Chapters
1.4. Notation
2. The Structure of the Java Virtual Machine
2.1. The class File Format
2.2. Data Types
2.3. Primitive Types and Values
2.3.1. Integral Types and Values
2.3.2. Floating-Point Types, Value Sets, and Values
2.3.3. The returnAddress Type and Values
2.3.4. The boolean Type
2.4. Reference Types and Values
2.5. Run-Time Data Areas
2.5.1. The pc Register
2.5.2. Java Virtual Machine Stacks
2.5.3. Heap
2.5.4. Method Area
2.5.5. Run-Time Constant Pool
2.5.6. Native Method Stacks
2.6. Frames
2.6.1. Local Variables
2.6.2. Operand Stacks
2.6.3. Dynamic Linking
2.6.4. Normal Method Invocation Completion
2.6.5. Abrupt Method Invocation Completion
2.7. Representation of Objects
2.8. Floating-Point Arithmetic
2.8.1. Java Virtual Machine Floating-Point Arithmetic and IEEE 754
2.8.2. Floating-Point Modes
2.8.3. Value Set Conversion
2.9. Special Methods
2.10. Exceptions
2.11. Instruction Set Summary
2.11.1. Types and the Java Virtual Machine
2.11.2. Load and Store Instructions
2.11.3. Arithmetic Instructions
2.11.4. Type Conversion Instructions
2.11.5. Object Creation and Manipulation
2.11.6. Operand Stack Management Instructions
2.11.7. Control Transfer Instructions
2.11.8. Method Invocation and Return Instructions
2.11.9. Throwing Exceptions
2.11.10. Synchronization
2.12. Class Libraries
2.13. Public Design, Private Implementation
3. Compiling for the Java Virtual Machine
3.1. Format of Examples
3.2. Use of Constants, Local Variables, and Control Constructs
3.3. Arithmetic
3.4. Accessing the Run-Time Constant Pool
3.5. More Control Examples
3.6. Receiving Arguments
3.7. Invoking Methods
3.8. Working with Class Instances
3.9. Arrays
3.10. Compiling Switches
3.11. Operations on the Operand Stack
3.12. Throwing and Handling Exceptions
3.13. Compiling finally
3.14. Synchronization
3.15. Annotations
4. The class File Format
4.1. The ClassFile Structure
4.2. The Internal Form of Names
4.2.1. Binary Class and Interface Names
4.2.2. Unqualified Names
4.3. Descriptors and Signatures
4.3.1. Grammar Notation
4.3.2. Field Descriptors
4.3.3. Method Descriptors
4.3.4. Signatures
4.4. The Constant Pool
4.4.1. The CONSTANT_Class_info Structure
4.4.2. The CONSTANT_Fieldref_info, CONSTANT_Methodref_info, and CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref_info Structures
4.4.3. The CONSTANT_String_info Structure
4.4.4. The CONSTANT_Integer_info and CONSTANT_Float_info Structures
4.4.5. The CONSTANT_Long_info and CONSTANT_Double_info Structures
4.4.6. The CONSTANT_NameAndType_info Structure
4.4.7. The CONSTANT_Utf8_info Structure
4.4.8. The CONSTANT_MethodHandle_info Structure
4.4.9. The CONSTANT_MethodType_info Structure
4.4.10. The CONSTANT_InvokeDynamic_info Structure
4.5. Fields
4.6. Methods
4.7. Attributes
4.7.1. Defining and Naming New Attributes
4.7.2. The ConstantValue Attribute
4.7.3. The Code Attribute
4.7.4. The StackMapTable Attribute
4.7.5. The Exceptions Attribute
4.7.6. The InnerClasses Attribute
4.7.7. The EnclosingMethod Attribute
4.7.8. The Synthetic Attribute
4.7.9. The Signature Attribute
4.7.10. The SourceFile Attribute
4.7.11. The SourceDebugExtension Attribute
4.7.12. The LineNumberTable Attribute
4.7.13. The LocalVariableTable Attribute
4.7.14. The LocalVariableTypeTable Attribute
4.7.15. The Deprecated Attribute
4.7.16. The RuntimeVisibleAnnotations attribute
4.7.16.1. The element_value structure
4.7.17. The RuntimeInvisibleAnnotations attribute
4.7.18. The RuntimeVisibleParameterAnnotations attribute
4.7.19. The RuntimeInvisibleParameterAnnotations attribute
4.7.20. The AnnotationDefault attribute
4.7.21. The BootstrapMethods attribute
4.8. Format Checking
4.9. Constraints on Java Virtual Machine code
4.9.1. Static Constraints
4.9.2. Structural Constraints
4.10. Verification of class Files
4.10.1. Verification by Type Checking
4.10.1.1. Accessors for Java Virtual Machine Artifacts
4.10.1.2. Verification Type System
4.10.1.3. Instruction Representation
4.10.1.4. Stack Map Frame Representation
4.10.1.5. Type Checking Abstract and Native Methods
4.10.1.6. Type Checking Methods with Code
4.10.1.7. Type Checking Load and Store Instructions
4.10.1.8. Type Checking for protected Members
4.10.1.9. Type Checking Instructions
aaload
aastore
aconst_null
aload
aload_
anewarray
areturn
arraylength
astore
astore_
athrow
baload
bastore
bipush
caload
castore
checkcast
d2f
d2i
d2l
dadd
daload
dastore
dcmp
dconst_
ddiv
dload
dload_
dmul
dneg
drem
dreturn
dstore
dstore_
dsub
dup
dup_x1
dup_x2
dup2
dup2_x1
dup2_x2
f2d
f2i
f2l
fadd
faload
fastore
fcmp
fconst_
fdiv
fload
fload_
fmul
fneg
frem
freturn
fstore
fstore_
fsub
getfield
getstatic
goto
goto_w
i2b
i2c
i2d
i2f
i2l
i2s
iadd
iaload
iand
iastore
if_acmp
if_icmp
if
ifnonnull
ifnull
iinc
iload
iload_
imul
ineg
instanceof
invokedynamic
invokeinterface
invokespecial
invokestatic
invokevirtual
ior
irem
ireturn
ishl
ishr
istore
istore_
isub
iushr
ixor
l2d
l2f
l2i
ladd
laload
land
lastore
lcmp
lconst_
ldc
ldc_w
ldc2_w
ldiv
lload
lload_
lmul
lneg
lookupswitch
lor
lrem
lreturn
lshl
lshr
lstore
lstore_
lsub
lushr
lxor
monitorenter
monitorexit
multianewarray
new
newarray
nop
pop
pop2
putfield
putstatic
return
saload
sastore
sipush
swap
tableswitch
wide
4.10.2. Verification by Type Inference
4.10.2.1. The Process of Verification by Type Inference
4.10.2.2. The Bytecode Verifier
4.10.2.3. Values of Types long and double
4.10.2.4. Instance Initialization Methods and Newly Created Objects
4.10.2.5. Exceptions and finally
4.11. Limitations of the Java Virtual Machine
5. Loading, Linking, and Initializing
5.1. The Run-Time Constant Pool
5.2. Java Virtual Machine Startup
5.3. Creation and Loading
5.3.1. Loading Using the Bootstrap Class Loader
5.3.2. Loading Using a User-defined Class Loader
5.3.3. Creating Array Classes
5.3.4. Loading Constraints
5.3.5. Deriving a Class from a class File Representation
5.4. Linking
5.4.1. Verification
5.4.2. Preparation
5.4.3. Resolution
5.4.3.1. Class and Interface Resolution
5.4.3.2. Field Resolution
5.4.3.3. Method Resolution
5.4.3.4. Interface Method Resolution
5.4.3.5. Method Type and Method Handle Resolution
5.4.3.6. Call Site Specifier Resolution
5.4.4. Access Control
5.4.5. Method overriding
5.5. Initialization
5.6. Binding Native Method Implementations
5.7. Java Virtual Machine Exit
6. The Java Virtual Machine Instruction Set
6.1. Assumptions: The Meaning of "Must"
6.2. Reserved Opcodes
6.3. Virtual Machine Errors
6.4. Format of Instruction Descriptions
mnemonic
6.5. Instructions
aaload
aastore
aconst_null
aload
aload_
anewarray
areturn
arraylength
astore
astore_
athrow
baload
bastore
bipush
caload
castore
checkcast
d2f
d2i
d2l
dadd
daload
dastore
dcmp
dconst_
ddiv
dload
dload_
dmul
dneg
drem
dreturn
dstore
dstore_
dsub
dup
dup_x1
dup_x2
dup2
dup2_x1
dup2_x2
f2d
f2i
f2l
fadd
faload
fastore
fcmp
fconst_
fdiv
fload
fload_
fmul
fneg
frem
freturn
fstore
fstore_
fsub
getfield
getstatic
goto
goto_w
i2b
i2c
i2d
i2f
i2l
i2s
iadd
iaload
iand
iastore
iconst_
idiv
if_acmp
if_icmp
if
ifnonnull
ifnull
iinc
iload
iload_
imul
ineg
instanceof
invokedynamic
invokeinterface
invokespecial
invokestatic
invokevirtual
ior
irem
ireturn
ishl
ishr
istore
istore_
isub
iushr
ixor
jsr
jsr_w
l2d
l2f
l2i
ladd
laload
land
lastore
lcmp
lconst_
ldc
ldc_w
ldc2_w
ldiv
lload
lload_
lmul
lneg
lookupswitch
lor
lrem
lreturn
lshl
lshr
lstore
lstore_
lsub
lushr
lxor
monitorenter
monitorexit
multianewarray
new
newarray
nop
pop
pop2
putfield
putstatic
ret
return
saload
sastore
sipush
swap
tableswitch
wide
7. Opcode Mnemonics by Opcode
Index
A. Limited License Grant
The Java® Virtual
Machine Specification
Java SE 7 Edition
Tim Lindholm
Frank Yellin
Gilad Bracha
Alex Buckley
2013-02-28
Specification: JSR-000924 Java® Virtual Machine Specification ("Specification")
Version: 7
Status: Final Release
Release: July 2011
Copyright © 1997, 2013, Oracle America, Inc. and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood City, California 94065, U.S.A.
Oracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Other names may
be trademarks of their respective owners.
The Specification provided herein is provided to you only under the Limited License Grant
included herein as Appendix A. Please see Appendix A, Limited License Grant.
Table of Contents
Preface to the Java SE 7 Edition xi
Preface to the Second Edition xiii
Preface to the First Edition xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
A Bit of History 1
The Java Virtual Machine 2
Summary of Chapters 3
Notation 4
2 The Structure of the Java Virtual Machine 5
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
The pc Register 12
Java Virtual Machine Stacks 12
Heap 13
The class File Format 5
Data Types 6
Primitive Types and Values 6
Integral Types and Values 7
2.3.1
Floating-Point Types, Value Sets, and Values 8
2.3.2
The returnAddress Type and Values 10
2.3.3
2.3.4
The boolean Type 10
Reference Types and Values 11
Run-Time Data Areas 11
2.5.1
2.5.2
2.5.3
2.5.4 Method Area 13
2.5.5
2.5.6
Frames 15
2.6.1
2.6.2
2.6.3
2.6.4
2.6.5
Representation of Objects 19
Floating-Point Arithmetic 19
2.8.1
Local Variables 16
Operand Stacks 17
Dynamic Linking 18
Normal Method Invocation Completion 18
Abrupt Method Invocation Completion 18
Run-Time Constant Pool 14
Native Method Stacks 14
Java Virtual Machine Floating-Point Arithmetic and IEEE
754 19
Floating-Point Modes 20
2.8.2
iii
The Java® Virtual Machine Specification
2.9
2.10
2.11
Value Set Conversion 20
2.8.3
Special Methods 21
Exceptions 23
Instruction Set Summary 25
2.11.1 Types and the Java Virtual Machine 26
2.11.2 Load and Store Instructions 29
2.11.3 Arithmetic Instructions 30
2.11.4 Type Conversion Instructions 32
2.11.5 Object Creation and Manipulation 34
2.11.6 Operand Stack Management Instructions 34
2.11.7 Control Transfer Instructions 34
2.11.8 Method Invocation and Return Instructions 35
2.11.9 Throwing Exceptions 36
2.11.10 Synchronization 36
2.12 Class Libraries 37
2.13
Public Design, Private Implementation 37
3 Compiling for the Java Virtual Machine 39
Format of Examples 39
Use of Constants, Local Variables, and Control Constructs 40
Arithmetic 45
Accessing the Run-Time Constant Pool 46
Receiving Arguments 49
Invoking Methods 50
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5 More Control Examples 47
3.6
3.7
3.8 Working with Class Instances 53
3.9
3.10 Compiling Switches 57
3.11 Operations on the Operand Stack 58
3.12
3.13 Compiling finally 63
3.14
3.15 Annotations 67
Synchronization 66
Arrays 55
Throwing and Handling Exceptions 59
4 The class File Format 69
Binary Class and Interface Names 75
Unqualified Names 75
The ClassFile Structure 70
The Internal Form of Names 75
4.2.1
4.2.2
Descriptors and Signatures 75
Grammar Notation 76
4.3.1
4.3.2
Field Descriptors 76
4.3.3 Method Descriptors 78
4.3.4
Signatures 79
The Constant Pool 82
4.4.1
The CONSTANT_Class_info Structure 83
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
iv
The Java® Virtual Machine Specification
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.4.4
4.4.5
The CONSTANT_Fieldref_info, CONSTANT_Methodref_info, and
CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref_info Structures 84
The CONSTANT_String_info Structure 86
The CONSTANT_Integer_info and CONSTANT_Float_info
Structures 86
The CONSTANT_Long_info and CONSTANT_Double_info
Structures 88
The CONSTANT_NameAndType_info Structure 89
The CONSTANT_Utf8_info Structure 90
The CONSTANT_MethodHandle_info Structure 92
The CONSTANT_MethodType_info Structure 93
4.4.6
4.4.7
4.4.8
4.4.9
4.4.10 The CONSTANT_InvokeDynamic_info Structure 94
Fields 95
4.5
4.6 Methods 97
4.7
Attributes 100
Defining and Naming New Attributes 102
4.7.1
The ConstantValue Attribute 103
4.7.2
The Code Attribute 104
4.7.3
The StackMapTable Attribute 107
4.7.4
The Exceptions Attribute 115
4.7.5
The InnerClasses Attribute 116
4.7.6
The EnclosingMethod Attribute 119
4.7.7
The Synthetic Attribute 120
4.7.8
4.7.9
The Signature Attribute 120
4.7.10 The SourceFile Attribute 121
4.7.11 The SourceDebugExtension Attribute 122
4.7.12 The LineNumberTable Attribute 123
4.7.13 The LocalVariableTable Attribute 124
4.7.14 The LocalVariableTypeTable Attribute 126
4.7.15 The Deprecated Attribute 128
4.7.16 The RuntimeVisibleAnnotations attribute 128
4.7.16.1 The element_value structure 130
4.7.17 The RuntimeInvisibleAnnotations attribute 133
4.7.18 The RuntimeVisibleParameterAnnotations attribute 134
4.7.19 The RuntimeInvisibleParameterAnnotations attribute 136
4.7.20 The AnnotationDefault attribute 137
4.7.21 The BootstrapMethods attribute 138
Format Checking 140
Constraints on Java Virtual Machine code 140
4.9.1
4.9.2
Static Constraints 141
Structural Constraints 144
4.8
4.9
4.10 Verification of class Files 148
4.10.1 Verification by Type Checking 149
4.10.1.1 Accessors for Java Virtual Machine Artifacts 152
4.10.1.2 Verification Type System 155
Instruction Representation 159
4.10.1.3
4.10.1.4
Stack Map Frame Representation 160
4.10.1.5 Type Checking Abstract and Native Methods 166
v
The Java® Virtual Machine Specification
4.10.1.6 Type Checking Methods with Code 167
4.10.1.7 Type Checking Load and Store Instructions 174
4.10.1.8 Type Checking for protected Members 176
4.10.1.9 Type Checking Instructions 179
4.10.2 Verification by Type Inference 327
4.10.2.1 The Process of Verification by Type Inference 327
4.10.2.2 The Bytecode Verifier 328
4.10.2.3 Values of Types long and double 330
4.10.2.4
Instance Initialization Methods and Newly Created
Objects 331
4.11
Limitations of the Java Virtual Machine 334
4.10.2.5 Exceptions and finally 332
5 Loading, Linking, and Initializing 337
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
The Run-Time Constant Pool 337
Java Virtual Machine Startup 340
Creation and Loading 340
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.3.5
Linking 347
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
Loading Using the Bootstrap Class Loader 342
Loading Using a User-defined Class Loader 343
Creating Array Classes 344
Loading Constraints 344
Deriving a Class from a class File Representation 346
Class and Interface Resolution 350
Field Resolution 351
Verification 348
Preparation 348
Resolution 349
5.4.3.1
5.4.3.2
5.4.3.3 Method Resolution 352
5.4.3.4
5.4.3.5 Method Type and Method Handle Resolution 354
5.4.3.6
Access Control 358
Call Site Specifier Resolution 357
Interface Method Resolution 353
5.4.4
5.4.5 Method overriding 359
Initialization 359
Binding Native Method Implementations 362
Java Virtual Machine Exit 362
6 The Java Virtual Machine Instruction Set 363
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
vi
Assumptions: The Meaning of "Must" 363
Reserved Opcodes 364
Virtual Machine Errors 364
Format of Instruction Descriptions 365
mnemonic 366
Instructions 368
aaload 369
aastore 370
aconst_null 372
aload 373
aload_ 374
anewarray 375
areturn 376
arraylength 377
astore 378
astore_ 379
athrow 380
baload 382
bastore 383
bipush 384
caload 385
castore 386
checkcast 387
d2f 389
d2i 390
d2l 391
dadd 392
daload 394
dastore 395
dcmp 396
dconst_ 398
ddiv 399
dload 401
dload_ 402
dmul 403
dneg 405
drem 406
dreturn 408
dstore 409
dstore_ 410
dsub 411
dup 412
dup_x1 413
dup_x2 414
dup2 415
dup2_x1 416
dup2_x2 417
f2d 419
f2i 420
f2l 421
fadd 422
faload 424
fastore 425
fcmp 426
fconst_ 428
fdiv 429
The Java® Virtual Machine Specification
vii
The Java® Virtual Machine Specification
fload 431
fload_ 432
fmul 433
fneg 435
frem 436
freturn 438
fstore 439
fstore_ 440
fsub 441
getfield 442
getstatic 444
goto 446
goto_w 447
i2b 448
i2c 449
i2d 450
i2f 451
i2l 452
i2s 453
iadd 454
iaload 455
iand 456
iastore 457
iconst_ 458
idiv 459
if_acmp 460
if_icmp 461
if 463
ifnonnull 465
ifnull 466
iinc 467
iload 468
iload_ 469
imul 470
ineg 471
instanceof 472
invokedynamic 474
invokeinterface 479
invokespecial 482
invokestatic 486
invokevirtual 489
ior 494
irem 495
ireturn 496
ishl 497
ishr 498
istore 499
istore_ 500
viii
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