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Optical Networks-A Practical Perspective Third Edition.pdf

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    Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective
    Copyright Page
    Contents
    Foreword
    Preface to the First Edition
    Preface to the Second Edition
    Preface to the Current Edition
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Optical Networks
    1.1 Telecommunications Network Architecture
    1.2 Services, Circuit Switching, and Packet Switching
    1.3 Optical Networks
    1.4 The Optical Layer
    1.5 Transparency and All-Optical Networks
    1.6 Optical Packet Switching
    1.7 Transmission Basics
    1.8 Network Evolution
    Summary
    Further Reading
    References
    Part I Technology
    Chapter 2 Propagation of Signals in Optical Fiber
    2.1 Loss and Bandwidth Windows
    2.2 Intermodal Dispersion
    2.3 Optical Fiber as a Waveguide
    2.4 Chromatic Dispersion
    2.5 Nonlinear Effects
    2.6 Solitons
    2.7 Other Fiber Technologies
    Summary
    Further Reading
    Problems
    References
    Chapter 3 Components
    3.1 Couplers
    3.2 Isolators and Circulators
    3.3 Multiplexers and Filters
    3.4 Optical Amplifiers
    3.5 Transmitters
    3.6 Detectors
    3.7 Switches
    3.8 Wavelength Converters
    Summary
    Further Reading
    Problems
    References
    Chapter 4 Modulation and Demodulation
    4.1 Modulation
    4.2 Subcarrier Modulation and Multiplexing
    4.3 Spectral Efficiency
    4.4 Demodulation
    4.5 Error Detection and Correction
    Summary
    Further Reading
    Problems
    References
    Chapter 5 Transmission System Engineering
    5.1 System Model
    5.2 Power Penalty
    5.3 Transmitter
    5.4 Receiver
    5.5 Optical Amplifiers
    5.6 Crosstalk
    5.7 Dispersion
    5.8 Fiber Nonlinearities
    5.9 Wavelength Stabilization
    5.10 Design of Soliton Systems
    5.11 Design of Dispersion-Managed Soliton Systems
    5.12 Overall Design Considerations
    Summary
    Further Reading
    Problems
    References
    Part II Networks
    Chapter 6 Client Layers of the Optical Layer
    6.1 SONET/SDH
    6.2 Optical Transport Network
    6.3 Generic Framing Procedure
    6.4 Ethernet
    6.5 IP
    6.6 Multiprotocol Label Switching
    6.7 Resilient Packet Ring
    6.8 Storage-Area Networks
    Summary
    Further Reading
    Problems
    References
    Chapter 7 WDM Network Elements
    7.1 Optical Line Terminals
    7.2 Optical Line Amplifiers
    7.3 Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers
    7.4 Optical Crossconnects
    Summary
    Further Reading
    Problems
    References
    Chapter 8 Control and Management
    8.1 Network Management Functions
    8.2 Optical Layer Services and Interfacing
    8.3 Layers within the Optical Layer
    8.4 Multivendor Interoperability
    8.5 Performance and Fault Management
    8.6 Configuration Management
    8.7 Optical Safety
    Summary
    Further Reading
    Problems
    References
    Chapter 9 Network Survivability
    9.1 Basic Concepts
    9.2 Protection in SONET/SDH
    9.3 Protection in the Client Layer
    9.4 Why Optical Layer Protection
    9.5 Optical Layer Protection Schemes
    9.6 Interworking between Layers
    Summary
    Further Reading
    Problems
    References
    Chapter 10 WDM Network Design
    10.1 Cost Trade-Offs: A Detailed Ring Network Example
    10.2 LTD and RWA Problems
    10.3 Dimensioning Wavelength-Routing Networks
    10.4 Statistical Dimensioning Models
    10.5 Maximum Load Dimensioning Models
    Summary
    Further Reading
    Problems
    References
    Chapter 11 Access Networks
    11.1 Network Architecture Overview
    11.2 Enhanced HFC
    11.3 Fiber to the Curb (FTTC)
    Summary
    Further Reading
    Problems
    References
    Chapter 12 Photonic Packet Switching
    12.1 Optical Time Division Multiplexing
    12.2 Synchronization
    12.3 Header Processing
    12.4 Buffering
    12.5 Burst Switching
    12.6 Testbeds
    Summary
    Further Reading
    Problems
    References
    Chapter 13 Deployment Considerations
    13.1 The Evolving Telecommunications Network
    13.2 Designing the Transmission Layer
    Summary
    Further Reading
    Problems
    References
    Appendix A Acronyms
    Appendix B Symbols and Parameters
    Appendix C Standards
    C.1 International Telecommunications Union (ITU-T)
    C.2 Telcordia
    C.3 American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
    Appendix D Wave Equations
    Appendix E Pulse Propagation in Optical Fiber
    E.1 Propagation of Chirped Gaussian Pulses
    E.2 Nonlinear Effects on Pulse Propagation
    E.3 Soliton Pulse Propagation
    Further Reading
    References
    Appendix F Nonlinear Polarization
    Appendix G Multilayer Thin-Film Filters
    G.1 Wave Propagation at Dielectric Interfaces
    G.2 Filter Design
    References
    Appendix H Random Variables and Processes
    H.1 Random Variables
    H.2 Random Processes
    Further Reading
    References
    Appendix I Receiver Noise Statistics
    I.1 Shot Noise
    I.2 Amplifier Noise
    References
    Appendix J Asynchronous Transfer Mode
    J.1 Functions of ATM
    J.2 Adaptation Layers
    J.3 Quality of Service
    J.4 Flow Control
    J.5 Signaling and Routing
    Bibliography
    Index
    The horizons of optical networks are much more than high speed physical layer transport. An intelligent optical network design must include higher network layer considerations. This is the only book currently on the market that addresses optical networks from the physical layer to the network layer and should be valuable for those who try to understand the intricacies of what optical networks can be. —Vincent Chan, Professor, MIT Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science This book is not only essential reading for anyone in the optical networks industry, it is important. It provides the necessary foundation of learning for anyone hoping to contribute to this technology’s rapid evolution. —Scott Clavenna, President, PointEast Research The authors’ grasp of what is truly workable and worthwhile in optical networks is fundamental, and they have effectively packaged this knowledge in an easy-to-comprehend text that will be valued to both veterans and those new to optical networking. —Scott Grout, President and CEO, Chorum Technologies This is a comprehensive and authoritative work on optical networks, ranging in scope from components and systems to overall design principles. I find the book well organized and easy to use, and I particularly like the treatment of network design and operation. An essential book for anyone seriously interested in optical networks. —Goff Hill, Chief Network Architect, Altamar Networks, UK I really enjoy the bottoms-up approach taken by the authors to address fundamentals of optical components as the enablers, optical transmission system design and engineering as the building blocks, and network architecture and its management features that deliver applications to the network operators and services providers at the top of the food chain. —Shoa-Kai Liu, Director of Advanced Technology, Worldcom This book not only provides the fundamentals and details of photonics, but the pragmatic perspective presented enables the service provider, the equipment manufacturer, and the academician to view light from a real-life standpoint. —Mathew Oommen, Vice President, Network Architecture, Williams Communications Group This book functions as both an introduction to optical networking and as a text to reference again and again. Great for system designers as well as those marketing and selling those systems. Optical Networks provides theory and applications. While no text can be truly state-of-the-art in the fast moving area of optical networking, this one comes as close as possible. —Alan Repech, System Architect, Cisco Systems Optical Transport This book provides the most comprehensive coverage of both the theory and practice of optical networking. Its up- to-date coverage makes it an invaluable reference for both practitioners and researchers. —Suresh Subramaniam, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Washington University This book provides an excellent overview of the complex field of optical networking. I especially like how it ties the optical hardware functionality into the overall networking picture. Everybody who wants to be a player in the optical networking space should have this book within easy reach. —Martin Zirngibl, Director, Photonics Network Research, Lucent Technologies, Bell Laboratories
    The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Networking Series Editor, David Clark, M.I.T. P2P Networking and Applications John Buford, Heather Yu, and Eng Lua The Illustrated Network Walter Goralski Broadband Cable Access Networks: The HFC Plant David Large and James Farmer Technical, Commercial and Regulatory Challenges of QoS: An Internet Service Model Perspective XiPeng Xiao MPLS: Next Steps Bruce S. Davie and Adrian Farrel Wireless Networking Anurag Kumar, D. Manjunath, and Joy Kuri Internet Multimedia Communications Using SIP Rogelio Martinez Perea Information Assurance: Dependability and Security in Networked Systems Yi Qian, James Joshi, David Tipper, and Prashant Krishnamurthy Network Analysis, Architecture, and Design, 3e James D. McCabe Wireless Communications & Networking: An Introduction Vijay K. Garg IPv6 Advanced Protocols Implementation Qing Li, Tatuya Jinmei, and Keiichi Shima Computer Networks: A Systems Approach, 4e Larry L. Peterson and Bruce S. Davie Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures Deepankar Medhi and Karthikeyan Ramaswami Deploying IP and MPLS QoS for Multiservice Networks: Theory and Practice John Evans and Clarence Filsfils
    Traffic Engineering and QoS Optimization of Integrated Voice & Data Networks Gerald R. Ash IPv6 Core Protocols Implementation Qing Li, Tatuya Jinmei, and Keiichi Shima Smart Phone and Next-Generation Mobile Computing Pei Zheng and Lionel Ni GMPLS: Architecture and Applications Adrian Farrel and Igor Bryskin Content Networking: Architecture, Protocols, and Practice Markus Hofmann and Leland R. Beaumont Network Algorithmics: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Designing Fast Networked Devices George Varghese Network Recovery: Protection and Restoration of Optical, SONET-SDH, IP, and MPLS Jean Philippe Vasseur, Mario Pickavet, and Piet Demeester Routing, Flow, and Capacity Design in Communication and Computer Networks Michał Pióro and Deepankar Medhi Wireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing Approach Feng Zhao and Leonidas Guibas Communication Networking: An Analytical Approach Anurag Kumar, D. Manjunath, and Joy Kuri The Internet and Its Protocols: A Comparative Approach Adrian Farrel Modern Cable Television Technology: Video, Voice, and Data Communications, 2e Walter Ciciora, James Farmer, David Large, and Michael Adams Policy-Based Network Management: Solutions for the Next Generation John Strassner MPLS Network Management: MIBs, Tools, and Techniques Thomas D. Nadeau Developing IP-Based Services: Solutions for Service Providers and Vendors Monique Morrow and Kateel Vijayananda
    Telecommunications Law in the Internet Age Sharon K. Black Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective, 3e Rajiv Ramaswami, Kumar N. Sivarajan, and Galen Sasaki Internet QoS: Architectures and Mechanisms Zheng Wang TCP/IP Sockets in Java: Practical Guide for Programmers Michael J. Donahoo and Kenneth L. Calvert TCP/IP Sockets in C: Practical Guide for Programmers Kenneth L. Calvert and Michael J. Donahoo Multicast Communication: Protocols, Programming, and Applications Ralph Wittmann and Martina Zitterbart High-Performance Communication Networks, 2e Jean Walrand and Pravin Varaiya Internetworking Multimedia Jon Crowcroft, Mark Handley, and Ian Wakeman Understanding Networked Applications: A First Course David G. Messerschmitt Integrated Management of Networked Systems: Concepts, Architectures, and their Operational Application Heinz-Gerd Hegering, Sebastian Abeck, and Bernhard Neumair Virtual Private Networks: Making the Right Connection Dennis Fowler Networked Applications: A Guide to the New Computing Infrastructure David G. Messerschmitt Wide Area Network Design: Concepts and Tools for Optimization Robert S. Cahn For further information on these books and for a list of forthcoming titles, please visit our Web site at http://www.mkp.com.
    Morgan Kaufmann Publishers is an imprint of Elsevier. 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA This book is printed on acid-free paper. © 2010 ELSEVIER Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Application submitted British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-0-12-374092-2 For information on all Morgan Kaufmann publications, visit our Web site at www.mkp.com or www.elsevierdirect.com Printed in the United States of America 09 10 11 12 13 5 4 3 2 1
    To Our Parents
    Optical Networks A Practical Perspective Third Edition Rajiv Ramaswami Kumar N. Sivarajan Galen H. Sasaki AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Morgan Kaufmann Publishers is an imprint of Elsevier
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