cliamte data operators（cdo）指南.pdf

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Introduction

Building from sources

Compilation

Installation

Usage

Options

Environment variables

Operators

Operator chaining

Parallelized operators

Operator parameter

Horizontal grids

Grid area weights

Grid description

Z-axis description

Time axis

Absolute time

Relative time

Conversion of the time

Parameter table

Missing values

Mean and average

Reference manual

Information

INFO - Information and simple statistics

SINFO - Short information

DIFF - Compare two datasets field by field

NINFO - Print the number of parameters, levels or times

SHOWINFO - Show variables, levels or times

FILEDES - Dataset description

File operations

COPY - Copy datasets

REPLACE - Replace variables

DUPLICATE - Duplicates a dataset

MERGEGRID - Merge grid

MERGE - Merge datasets

SPLIT - Split a dataset

SPLITTIME - Split timesteps of a dataset

SPLITSEL - Split selected timesteps

DISTGRID - Distribute horizontal grid

COLLGRID - Collect horizontal grid

Selection

SELECT - Select fields

SELVAR - Select fields

SELTIME - Select timesteps

SELBOX - Select a box of a field

Conditional selection

COND - Conditional select one field

COND2 - Conditional select two fields

CONDC - Conditional select a constant

Comparison

COMP - Comparison of two fields

COMPC - Comparison of a field with a constant

Modification

SETPARTAB - Set parameter table

SET - Set field info

SETTIME - Set time

CHANGE - Change field header

SETGRID - Set grid information

SETZAXIS - Set z-axis information

SETGATT - Set global attribute

INVERT - Invert latitudes

INVERTLEV - Invert levels

MASKREGION - Mask regions

MASKBOX - Mask a box

SETBOX - Set a box to constant

ENLARGE - Enlarge fields

SETMISS - Set missing value

Arithmetic

EXPR - Evaluate expressions

MATH - Mathematical functions

ARITHC - Arithmetic with a constant

ARITH - Arithmetic on two datasets

MONARITH - Monthly arithmetic

YHOURARITH - Multi-year hourly arithmetic

YDAYARITH - Multi-year daily arithmetic

YMONARITH - Multi-year monthly arithmetic

YSEASARITH - Multi-year seasonal arithmetic

ARITHDAYS - Arithmetic with days

Statistical values

CONSECSTAT - Consecute timestep periods

ENSSTAT - Statistical values over an ensemble

ENSSTAT2 - Statistical values over an ensemble

ENSVAL - Ensemble validation tools

FLDSTAT - Statistical values over a field

ZONSTAT - Zonal statistical values

MERSTAT - Meridional statistical values

GRIDBOXSTAT - Statistical values over grid boxes

VERTSTAT - Vertical statistical values

TIMSELSTAT - Time range statistical values

TIMSELPCTL - Time range percentile values

RUNSTAT - Running statistical values

RUNPCTL - Running percentile values

TIMSTAT - Statistical values over all timesteps

TIMPCTL - Percentile values over all timesteps

HOURSTAT - Hourly statistical values

HOURPCTL - Hourly percentile values

DAYSTAT - Daily statistical values

DAYPCTL - Daily percentile values

MONSTAT - Monthly statistical values

MONPCTL - Monthly percentile values

YEARMONSTAT - Yearly mean from monthly data

YEARSTAT - Yearly statistical values

YEARPCTL - Yearly percentile values

SEASSTAT - Seasonal statistical values

SEASPCTL - Seasonal percentile values

YHOURSTAT - Multi-year hourly statistical values

YDAYSTAT - Multi-year daily statistical values

YDAYPCTL - Multi-year daily percentile values

YMONSTAT - Multi-year monthly statistical values

YMONPCTL - Multi-year monthly percentile values

YSEASSTAT - Multi-year seasonal statistical values

YSEASPCTL - Multi-year seasonal percentile values

YDRUNSTAT - Multi-year daily running statistical values

YDRUNPCTL - Multi-year daily running percentile values

Correlation and co.

FLDCOR - Correlation in grid space

TIMCOR - Correlation over time

FLDCOVAR - Covariance in grid space

TIMCOVAR - Covariance over time

Regression

REGRES - Regression

DETREND - Detrend time series

TREND - Trend of time series

SUBTREND - Subtract a trend

EOFs

EOFS - Empirical Orthogonal Functions

EOFCOEFF - Principal coefficients of EOFs

Interpolation

REMAPGRID - SCRIP grid interpolation

GENWEIGHTS - Generate SCRIP grid interpolation weights

REMAP - SCRIP grid remapping

REMAPETA - Remap vertical hybrid level

INTVERT - Vertical interpolation

INTLEVEL - Linear level interpolation

INTLEVEL3D - Linear level interpolation from/to 3d vertical coordinates

INTTIME - Time interpolation

INTYEAR - Year interpolation

Transformation

SPECTRAL - Spectral transformation

WIND - Wind transformation

Import/Export

IMPORTBINARY - Import binary data sets

IMPORTCMSAF - Import CM-SAF HDF5 files

IMPORTAMSR - Import AMSR binary files

INPUT - Formatted input

OUTPUT - Formatted output

OUTPUTTAB - Table output

Miscellaneous

GRADSDES - GrADS data descriptor file

AFTERBURNER - ECHAM standard post processor

FILTER - Time series filtering

GRIDCELL - Grid cell quantities

SMOOTH9 - 9 point smoothing

REPLACEVALUES - Replace variable values

TIMSORT - Timsort

VARGEN - Generate a field

ROTUVB - Rotation

MASTRFU - Mass stream function

DERIVEPAR - Sea level pressure

ADISIT - Potential temperature to in-situ temperature and vice versa

RHOPOT - Calculates potential density

HISTOGRAM - Histogram

SETHALO - Set the left and right bounds of a field

WCT - Windchill temperature

FDNS - Frost days where no snow index per time period

STRWIN - Strong wind days index per time period

STRBRE - Strong breeze days index per time period

STRGAL - Strong gale days index per time period

HURR - Hurricane days index per time period

FILLMISS - Fill missing values

Climate indices

ECACDD - Consecutive dry days index per time period

ECACFD - Consecutive frost days index per time period

ECACSU - Consecutive summer days index per time period

ECACWD - Consecutive wet days index per time period

ECACWDI - Cold wave duration index w.r.t. mean of reference period

ECACWFI - Cold-spell days index w.r.t. 10th percentile of reference period

ECAETR - Intra-period extreme temperature range

ECAFD - Frost days index per time period

ECAGSL - Thermal Growing season length index

ECAHD - Heating degree days per time period

ECAHWDI - Heat wave duration index w.r.t. mean of reference period

ECAHWFI - Warm spell days index w.r.t. 90th percentile of reference period

ECAID - Ice days index per time period

ECAR75P - Moderate wet days w.r.t. 75th percentile of reference period

ECAR75PTOT - Precipitation percent due to R75p days

ECAR90P - Wet days w.r.t. 90th percentile of reference period

ECAR90PTOT - Precipitation percent due to R90p days

ECAR95P - Very wet days w.r.t. 95th percentile of reference period

ECAR95PTOT - Precipitation percent due to R95p days

ECAR99P - Extremely wet days w.r.t. 99th percentile of reference period

ECAR99PTOT - Precipitation percent due to R99p days

ECAPD - Precipitation days index per time period

ECARR1 - Wet days index per time period

ECARX1DAY - Highest one day precipitation amount per time period

ECARX5DAY - Highest five-day precipitation amount per time period

ECASDII - Simple daily intensity index per time period

ECASU - Summer days index per time period

ECATG10P - Cold days percent w.r.t. 10th percentile of reference period

ECATG90P - Warm days percent w.r.t. 90th percentile of reference period

ECATN10P - Cold nights percent w.r.t. 10th percentile of reference period

ECATN90P - Warm nights percent w.r.t. 90th percentile of reference period

ECATR - Tropical nights index per time period

ECATX10P - Very cold days percent w.r.t. 10th percentile of reference period

ECATX90P - Very warm days percent w.r.t. 90th percentile of reference period

Environment Variables

Parallelized operators

Standard name table

Grid description examples

Example of a curvilinear grid description

Example description for an unstructured grid

Operator index

CDO User’s Guide Climate Data Operators Version 1.7.0 October 2015 Uwe Schulzweida – MPI for Meteorology

Contents 1. Introduction 1.1. Building from sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1. Compilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.2. Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2. Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1. Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2. Environment variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.3. Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.4. Operator chaining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.5. Parallelized operators 1.2.6. Operator parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3. Horizontal grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.1. Grid area weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2. Grid description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4. Z-axis description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5. Time axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.1. Absolute time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.2. Relative time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.3. Conversion of the time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6. Parameter table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7. Missing values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7.1. Mean and average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Reference manual 2.1. 2.2. File operations INFO - Information and simple statistics Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.2. SINFO - Short information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.3. DIFF - Compare two datasets ﬁeld by ﬁeld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.4. NINFO - Print the number of parameters, levels or times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.5. SHOWINFO - Show variables, levels or times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.6. FILEDES - Dataset description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1. COPY - Copy datasets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2. REPLACE - Replace variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.3. DUPLICATE - Duplicates a dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.4. MERGEGRID - Merge grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.5. MERGE - Merge datasets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.6. SPLIT - Split a dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.7. SPLITTIME - Split timesteps of a dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.8. SPLITSEL - Split selected timesteps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.9. DISTGRID - Distribute horizontal grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.10. COLLGRID - Collect horizontal grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3. Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1. SELECT - Select ﬁelds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2. SELVAR - Select ﬁelds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.3. SELTIME - Select timesteps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.4. SELBOX - Select a box of a ﬁeld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4. Conditional selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.1. COND - Conditional select one ﬁeld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6 7 7 7 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 13 14 14 15 15 15 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 27 27 28 29 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 39 41 42 43 2

Contents Contents 2.4.2. COND2 - Conditional select two ﬁelds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2.4.3. CONDC - Conditional select a constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.5. Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2.5.1. COMP - Comparison of two ﬁelds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2.5.2. COMPC - Comparison of a ﬁeld with a constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.6. Modiﬁcation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2.6.1. SETPARTAB - Set parameter table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2.6.2. SET - Set ﬁeld info . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 2.6.3. SETTIME - Set time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 2.6.4. CHANGE - Change ﬁeld header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 2.6.5. SETGRID - Set grid information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 2.6.6. SETZAXIS - Set z-axis information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 2.6.7. SETGATT - Set global attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 INVERT - Invert latitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.8. 59 2.6.9. INVERTLEV - Invert levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 2.6.10. MASKREGION - Mask regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 2.6.11. MASKBOX - Mask a box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 2.6.12. SETBOX - Set a box to constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 2.6.13. ENLARGE - Enlarge ﬁelds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 2.6.14. SETMISS - Set missing value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 2.7. Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 2.7.1. EXPR - Evaluate expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 2.7.2. MATH - Mathematical functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 2.7.3. ARITHC - Arithmetic with a constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 2.7.4. ARITH - Arithmetic on two datasets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 2.7.5. MONARITH - Monthly arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 2.7.6. YHOURARITH - Multi-year hourly arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 2.7.7. YDAYARITH - Multi-year daily arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 2.7.8. YMONARITH - Multi-year monthly arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 2.7.9. YSEASARITH - Multi-year seasonal arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 2.7.10. ARITHDAYS - Arithmetic with days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 2.8. Statistical values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 2.8.1. CONSECSTAT - Consecute timestep periods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 2.8.2. ENSSTAT - Statistical values over an ensemble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 2.8.3. ENSSTAT2 - Statistical values over an ensemble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 2.8.4. ENSVAL - Ensemble validation tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 2.8.5. FLDSTAT - Statistical values over a ﬁeld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 2.8.6. ZONSTAT - Zonal statistical values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 2.8.7. MERSTAT - Meridional statistical values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 2.8.8. GRIDBOXSTAT - Statistical values over grid boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 2.8.9. VERTSTAT - Vertical statistical values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 2.8.10. TIMSELSTAT - Time range statistical values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 2.8.11. TIMSELPCTL - Time range percentile values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 2.8.12. RUNSTAT - Running statistical values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 2.8.13. RUNPCTL - Running percentile values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 2.8.14. TIMSTAT - Statistical values over all timesteps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 2.8.15. TIMPCTL - Percentile values over all timesteps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 2.8.16. HOURSTAT - Hourly statistical values 2.8.17. HOURPCTL - Hourly percentile values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 2.8.18. DAYSTAT - Daily statistical values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 2.8.19. DAYPCTL - Daily percentile values 2.8.20. MONSTAT - Monthly statistical values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 2.8.21. MONPCTL - Monthly percentile values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 2.8.22. YEARMONSTAT - Yearly mean from monthly data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 2.8.23. YEARSTAT - Yearly statistical values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 2.8.24. YEARPCTL - Yearly percentile values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 2.8.25. SEASSTAT - Seasonal statistical values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 2.8.26. SEASPCTL - Seasonal percentile values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 3

Contents Contents 2.11. EOFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 2.8.27. YHOURSTAT - Multi-year hourly statistical values 2.8.28. YDAYSTAT - Multi-year daily statistical values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 2.8.29. YDAYPCTL - Multi-year daily percentile values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 2.8.30. YMONSTAT - Multi-year monthly statistical values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 2.8.31. YMONPCTL - Multi-year monthly percentile values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 2.8.32. YSEASSTAT - Multi-year seasonal statistical values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 2.8.33. YSEASPCTL - Multi-year seasonal percentile values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 2.8.34. YDRUNSTAT - Multi-year daily running statistical values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 2.8.35. YDRUNPCTL - Multi-year daily running percentile values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 2.9. Correlation and co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 2.9.1. FLDCOR - Correlation in grid space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 2.9.2. TIMCOR - Correlation over time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 2.9.3. FLDCOVAR - Covariance in grid space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 2.9.4. TIMCOVAR - Covariance over time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 2.10. Regression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 2.10.1. REGRES - Regression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 2.10.2. DETREND - Detrend time series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 2.10.3. TREND - Trend of time series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 2.10.4. SUBTREND - Subtract a trend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 2.11.1. EOFS - Empirical Orthogonal Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 2.11.2. EOFCOEFF - Principal coeﬃcients of EOFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 2.12. Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 2.12.1. REMAPGRID - SCRIP grid interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 2.12.2. GENWEIGHTS - Generate SCRIP grid interpolation weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 2.12.3. REMAP - SCRIP grid remapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 2.12.4. REMAPETA - Remap vertical hybrid level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 2.12.5. INTVERT - Vertical interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 2.12.6. INTLEVEL - Linear level interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 2.12.7. INTLEVEL3D - Linear level interpolation from/to 3d vertical coordinates . . . . . . 146 2.12.8. INTTIME - Time interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 2.12.9. INTYEAR - Year interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 2.13. Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 2.13.1. SPECTRAL - Spectral transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 2.13.2. WIND - Wind transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 2.14. Import/Export . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 2.14.1. IMPORTBINARY - Import binary data sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 2.14.2. IMPORTCMSAF - Import CM-SAF HDF5 ﬁles 2.14.3. IMPORTAMSR - Import AMSR binary ﬁles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 2.14.4. INPUT - Formatted input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 2.14.5. OUTPUT - Formatted output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 2.14.6. OUTPUTTAB - Table output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 2.15. Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 2.15.1. GRADSDES - GrADS data descriptor ﬁle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 2.15.2. AFTERBURNER - ECHAM standard post processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 2.15.3. FILTER - Time series ﬁltering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 2.15.4. GRIDCELL - Grid cell quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 2.15.5. SMOOTH9 - 9 point smoothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 2.15.6. REPLACEVALUES - Replace variable values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 2.15.7. TIMSORT - Timsort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 2.15.8. VARGEN - Generate a ﬁeld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 2.15.9. ROTUVB - Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 2.15.10.MASTRFU - Mass stream function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 2.15.11.DERIVEPAR - Sea level pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 2.15.12.ADISIT - Potential temperature to in-situ temperature and vice versa . . . . . . . . 171 2.15.13.RHOPOT - Calculates potential density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 2.15.14.HISTOGRAM - Histogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 2.15.15.SETHALO - Set the left and right bounds of a ﬁeld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 4

Contents Contents 2.15.16.WCT - Windchill temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 2.15.17.FDNS - Frost days where no snow index per time period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 2.15.18.STRWIN - Strong wind days index per time period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 2.15.19.STRBRE - Strong breeze days index per time period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 2.15.20.STRGAL - Strong gale days index per time period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 2.15.21.HURR - Hurricane days index per time period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 2.15.22.FILLMISS - Fill missing values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 2.16. Climate indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 2.16.1. ECACDD - Consecutive dry days index per time period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 2.16.2. ECACFD - Consecutive frost days index per time period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 2.16.3. ECACSU - Consecutive summer days index per time period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 2.16.4. ECACWD - Consecutive wet days index per time period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 2.16.5. ECACWDI - Cold wave duration index w.r.t. mean of reference period . . . . . . . 180 2.16.6. ECACWFI - Cold-spell days index w.r.t. 10th percentile of reference period . . . . . 180 2.16.7. ECAETR - Intra-period extreme temperature range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 2.16.8. ECAFD - Frost days index per time period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 2.16.9. ECAGSL - Thermal Growing season length index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 2.16.10.ECAHD - Heating degree days per time period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 2.16.11.ECAHWDI - Heat wave duration index w.r.t. mean of reference period . . . . . . . 184 2.16.12.ECAHWFI - Warm spell days index w.r.t. 90th percentile of reference period . . . . 185 2.16.13.ECAID - Ice days index per time period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 2.16.14.ECAR75P - Moderate wet days w.r.t. 75th percentile of reference period . . . . . . 186 2.16.15.ECAR75PTOT - Precipitation percent due to R75p days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 2.16.16.ECAR90P - Wet days w.r.t. 90th percentile of reference period . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 2.16.17.ECAR90PTOT - Precipitation percent due to R90p days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 2.16.18.ECAR95P - Very wet days w.r.t. 95th percentile of reference period . . . . . . . . . 188 2.16.19.ECAR95PTOT - Precipitation percent due to R95p days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 2.16.20.ECAR99P - Extremely wet days w.r.t. 99th percentile of reference period . . . . . . 189 2.16.21.ECAR99PTOT - Precipitation percent due to R99p days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 2.16.22.ECAPD - Precipitation days index per time period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 2.16.23.ECARR1 - Wet days index per time period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 2.16.24.ECARX1DAY - Highest one day precipitation amount per time period . . . . . . . . 191 2.16.25.ECARX5DAY - Highest ﬁve-day precipitation amount per time period . . . . . . . . 193 2.16.26.ECASDII - Simple daily intensity index per time period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 2.16.27.ECASU - Summer days index per time period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 2.16.28.ECATG10P - Cold days percent w.r.t. 10th percentile of reference period . . . . . . 195 2.16.29.ECATG90P - Warm days percent w.r.t. 90th percentile of reference period . . . . . 195 2.16.30.ECATN10P - Cold nights percent w.r.t. 10th percentile of reference period . . . . . 196 2.16.31.ECATN90P - Warm nights percent w.r.t. 90th percentile of reference period . . . . 196 2.16.32.ECATR - Tropical nights index per time period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 2.16.33.ECATX10P - Very cold days percent w.r.t. 10th percentile of reference period . . . 197 2.16.34.ECATX90P - Very warm days percent w.r.t. 90th percentile of reference period . . . 198 A. Environment Variables B. Parallelized operators C. Standard name table 200 201 202 D. Grid description examples 203 D.1. Example of a curvilinear grid description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 D.2. Example description for an unstructured grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Operator index 205 5

1. Introduction The Climate Data Operators (CDO) software is a collection of many operators for standard processing of climate and forecast model data. The operators include simple statistical and arithmetic functions, data selection and subsampling tools, and spatial interpolation. CDO was developed to have the same set of processing functions for GRIB [GRIB] and netCDF [netCDF] datasets in one package. The Climate Data Interface [CDI] is used for the fast and ﬁle format independent access to GRIB and netCDF datasets. The local MPI-MET data formats SERVICE, EXTRA and IEG are also supported. There are some limitations for GRIB and netCDF datasets. A GRIB dataset has to be consistent, similar to netCDF. That means all time steps need to have the same variables, and within a time step each variable may occur only once. NetCDF datasets are only supported for the classic data model and arrays up to 4 dimensions. These dimensions should only be used by the horizontal and vertical grid and the time. The netCDF attributes should follow the GDT, COARDS or CF Conventions. The user interface and some operators are similar to the PINGO [PINGO] package. The main CDO features are: • More than 400 operators available • Modular design and easily extendable with new operators • Very simple UNIX command line interface • A dataset can be processed by several operators, without storing the interim results in ﬁles • Most operators handle datasets with missing values • Fast processing of large datasets • Support of many diﬀerent grid types • Tested on many UNIX/Linux systems, Cygwin, and MacOS-X 1.1. Building from sources This section describes how to build CDO from the sources on a UNIX system. CDO uses the GNU conﬁgure and build system for compilation. The only requirement is a working ANSI C99 compiler. First go to the download page (https://code.zmaw.de/projects/cdo) to get the latest distribution, if you do not have it yet. To take full advantage of CDO features the following additional libraries should be installed: • Unidata netCDF library (http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/packages/netcdf) version 3 or higher. This is needed to process netCDF [netCDF] ﬁles with CDO. • The ECMWF GRIB_API (http://www.ecmwf.int/products/data/software/grib_api.html) ver- sion 1.9.5 or higher. This library is needed to process GRIB2 ﬁles with CDO. • HDF5 szip library (http://www.hdfgroup.org/doc_resource/SZIP) version 2.1 or higher. This is needed to process szip compressed GRIB [GRIB] ﬁles with CDO. • HDF5 library (http://www.hdfgroup.org/HDF5) version 1.6 or higher. This is needed to import CM-SAF [CM-SAF] HDF5 ﬁles with the CDO operator import_cmsaf. 6

Introduction Usage • PROJ.4 library (http://trac.osgeo.org/proj) version 4.6 or higher. This is needed to convert Sinusoidal and Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area coordinates to geographic coordinates, for e.g. remapping. CDO is a multi-threaded application. Therefor all the above libraries should be compiled thread safe. Using non-threadsafe libraries could cause unexpected errors! 1.1.1. Compilation Compilation is done by performing the following steps: 1. Unpack the archive, if you haven’t done that yet: gunzip cdo-$VERSION.tar.gz tar xf cdo-$VERSION.tar cd cdo-$VERSION # uncompress the archive # unpack it 2. Run the conﬁgure script: ./configure • Optionaly with netCDF [netCDF] support: ./configure --with-netcdf= • The GRIB2 conﬁguration depends on the GRIB_API installation! Here is an example GRIB2 conﬁguration with a JASPER enabled GRIB_API version: ./configure --with-grib_api= \ --with-jasper= For an overview of other conﬁguration options use ./configure --help 3. Compile the program by running make: make The program should compile without problems and the binary (cdo) should be available in the src directory of the distribution. 1.1.2. Installation After the compilation of the source code do a make install, possibly as root if the destination permissions require that. make install The binary is installed into the directory /bin. defaults to /usr/local but can be changed with the –prefix option of the conﬁgure script. Alternatively, you can also copy the binary from the src directory manually to some bin directory in your search path. 1.2. Usage This section descibes how to use CDO. The syntax is: cdo [ Options ] Operator1 [ -Operator2 [ -OperatorN ] ] 7

Usage 1.2.1. Options Introduction All options have to be placed before the ﬁrst operator. The following options are available for all operators: -a -b -f -g P1 - P24 I8/I16/I32/F32/F64 F32/F64 Generate an absolute time axis. Set the number of bits for the output precision. The valid precisions depend on the ﬁle format: grb, grb2 nc, nc2, nc4, nc4c grb2, srv, ext, ieg For srv, ext and ieg format the letter L or B can be added to set the byteorder to Little or Big endian. Set the output ﬁle format. The valid ﬁle formats are: File format GRIB version 1 GRIB version 2 netCDF netCDF version 2 (64-bit) netCDF-4 (HDF5) netCDF-4 classic SERVICE EXTRA IEG GRIB2 is only available if CDO was compiled with GRIB_API support and all netCDF ﬁle types are only available if CDO was compiled with netCDF support! Deﬁne the default grid description by name or from ﬁle (see chapter 1.3 on page 11). Available grid names are: rx, lon=/lat=, n, gme Help information for the operators. Do not append to netCDF history global attribute. grb grb2 nc nc2 nc4 nc4c srv ext ieg -h, - -help - -history - -netcdf_hdr_pad, - -hdr_pad, - -header_pad Pad netCDF output header with nbr bytes. -k NetCDF4 chunk type: auto, grid or lines. -L -M -m -O Lock I/O (sequential access). Switch to indicate that the I/O streams have missing values. Set the default missing value (default: -9e+33). Overwrite existing output ﬁle, if checked. Existing output ﬁle is checked only for: ens, merge, mergetime Set number of OpenMP threads (Only available if OpenMP support was compiled in). Alphanumeric sorting of netCDF parameter names. Reduce netCDF dimensions (module: TIMSTAT, FLDSTAT). Convert GRIB1 data from reduced to regular grid (only with cgribex lib). Generate a relative time axis. Create an extra output stream for the module TIMSTAT. This stream contains the number of non missing values for each output period. Silent mode. Set the default parameter table name or ﬁle (see chapter 1.6 on page 15). Predeﬁned tables are: echam4 echam5 echam6 mpiom1 ecmwf remo Print the version number. Print extra details for some operators. Print extra warning messages. SZIP compression of GRIB1 records. JPEG compression of GRIB2 records. Deﬂate compression of netCDF4 variables. -P -Q - -reduce_dim -R, - -regular -r -S -s, - -silent -t -V, - -version -v, - -verbose -W -z szip jpeg zip[_1-9] 8

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