wave propagation and scattering in random media - akira ishimaru.pdf

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0 Frontmatter

1 Introduction

2 Scattering and Propagation of Waves in a Tenuous Distribution of Scatterers Single Scattering Approximation

3 Scattering and Absorption of a Wave by a Single Particle

4 Characteristics of Discrete Scatterers in the Atmosphere, Ocean, and Biological Materials

5 Scattering of Waves from the Tenuous Distribution of Particles

6 Scattering of Pulse Waves from a Random Distribution of Particles

7 LineofSight Propagation through Tenuous Distribution of Particles

8 Transport Theory of Waves in Randomly Distributed Scatterers

9 Transport Theory of Wave Propagation in Random Particles

10 Approximate Solutions for Tenuous Medium

11 Diffusion Approximation

12 Two and Four Flux Theory

13 PlaneParallel Problem

14 Isotropic Scattering

15 Approximation for Large Particles

16 Multiple Scattering Theory

17 Multiple Scattering Theory of Waves in Stationary and Moving Scatterers and Its Relationship with Transport Theory

18 Multiple Scattering Theory of Wave Fluctuations and Pulse Propagation in Randomly Distributed Scatterers

19 Waves in Random Continuum and Turbulence

20 Scattering of Waves from Random Continuum and Turbulent Media

21 LineofSight Propagation of a Plane Wave through a Random MediumWeak Fluctuation Case

22 Lineofsight Propagation of Spherical and Beam Waves through a Random MediumWeak Fluctuation Case

23 Temporal Correlation and Frequency Spectra of Wave Fluctuations in a Random Medium and the Effects of an Inhomogeneous Random Medium

24 Strong Fluctuation Theory

25 Rough Surface Scattering and Remote Sensing

26 Rough Surface Scattering

27 Remote Sensing and Inversion Techniques

28 Appendix A- Spectral Representations of a Random Function

29 Appendix B- Structure Functions

30 Appendix C- Turbulence and Refractive Index Fluctuations

31 Appendix D- Some Useful Mathematical FormulasMagnus and Oberhettinger (1954), Abramowitz and Stegun (1964)

32 References

33 Index

34 About the Author

WAVE PROPAGATION AND SCATTERING IN RANDOM MEDIA

IEEE/OUP Series on Electromagnetic Wave Theory The IEEE/OUP Series on Electromagnetic Wave Theory consists of new titles as well as reprintings and revisions of recognized classics that maintain long-term archival significance in electromagnetic waves and applications. Series Editor Donald G. Dudley University of Arizona Associate Editors Electromagnetic Theory, Scattering, and Diffraction Ehud Heyman Tel-A viv University Advisory Board Robert E. Collin Case Western Reserve University Differential Equation Methods Andreas C. Cangellaris University of Arizona Akira Ishimaru University of Washington D. S. Jones University of Dundee Books in the Series Integral Equation Methods Donald R. Wilton University of Houston Antennas, Propagation, and Microwaves David R. Jackson University of Houston Chew, W. C., Waves and Fields in Inhomogeneous Media Christopoulos, C., The Transmission-Line Modeling Methods: TLM Clemmow, P. C., The Plane Wave Spectrum Representation of Electromagnetic Fields Collin, R. E., Field Theory of Guided Waves, Second Edition Dudley, D. G., Mathematical Foundations for Electromagnetic Theory Elliot, R. S., Electromagnetics: History, Theory, and Applications Felsen, L. B., and Marcuvitz, N., Radiation and Scattering of Waves Harrington, R. F., Field Computation by Moment Methods Jones, D. S., Methods in Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Second Edition Lindell, I. V., Methods for Electromagnetic Field Analysis Tai, C. T., Generalized Vector and Dyadic Analysis: Applied Mathematics in Field Theory Tai, C. T., Dyadic Green Functions in Electromagnetic Theory, Second Edition Van Bladel, J., Singular Electromagnetic Fields and Sources Wait, J., Electromagnetic Waves in Stratified Media

WAVE PROPAGATION AND SCATTERING IN RANDOM MEDIA ----JIA~--- AKIRA ISHIMARU UNIVERSITY of WASHINGTON IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society, Sponsor + IEEE ~ PRESS The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. New York Oxford University Press Oxford, Tokyo, Melbourne

IEEE Press 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331 Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331 Editorial Board John B. Anderson, Editor in Chief P. M. Anderson M. Eden M. E. El-Hawary S. Furui A. H. Haddad R. Herrick G. F. Hoffnagle R. F. Hoyt S. Kartalopoulos P. Laplante R. S. Muller W. D. Reeve D. J. Wells Dudley R. Kay, Director of Book Publishing John Griffin, Senior Editor Lisa Dayne, Assistant Editor Linda Matarazzo, Editorial Assistant Savoula Amanatidis, Production Editor IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society, Sponsor AP-S Liaison to IEEE Press, Robert Mailloux Oxford University Press, Walton Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bombay Calcutta Cape Town Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Instanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madras Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi Paris Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a trade mark of Oxford University Press

To Joyce, Benjamin, Gene, Karen, Andrew, Jim, Jane, Patty, Katie, Chuck, John and Yuko

This book and other books may be purchased at a discount from the publisher when ordered in bulk quantities. Contact: IEEE Press Marketing Attn: Special Sales 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331 Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331 Fax: (732) 981-9334 For more information about IEEE PRESS products, visit the IEEE Home Page: http://www.ieee.org/ First published by Academic Press 1978 Reissued by IEEE Press and Oxford University Press 1997 © 1997 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016-5997 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, nor may it be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America 9 8 7 5 4 6 3 2 10 IEEE ISBN 0-7803-4717-X IEEE Order Number: PP5677 The Library of Congress has catalogued the hard cover edition of this title as follows: Ishimaru, Akira (date) Wave propagation and scattering in random media j Akira Ishimaru. p. em. - (IEEEjOUP series on electromagnetic wave theory) Originally published: New York: Academic Press, 1978. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7803-3409-4 1. Waves. 2. Scattering (Physics) I. Title. II. Series. QC157.I83 1997 539'.2-dc.20 96-31357 CIP

CONTENTS FOREWORD xix PREFACE xxi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 PART I SCATTERING AND PROPAGATION OF WAVES IN A TENUOUS DISTRIBUTION OF SCATTERERS: SINGLE SCATTERING APPROXIMATION 7 CHAPTER 2 SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION OF A WAVE BY A SINGLE PARTICLE 9 Cross Sections and Scattering Amplitude General Properties of Cross Sections 12 Forward Scattering Theorem 14 Integral Representations of Scattering Amplitude and Absorption 9 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10 2-11 2-12 18 Cross Section 15 Rayleigh Scattering Rayleigh-Debye Scattering (Born Approximation) WKB Interior Wave Number Approximation 25 Mie Theory Elliptic Polarization and the Stokes Parameters Partial Polarization and Natural Light Addition of Independent Waves Scattering Amplitude Functions III, 112, 121, and 122 and the Stokes 32 33 22 30 27 Matrix 33 2-13 Transformation of the Stokes Parameters for Rotation about the Axis 35 2-14 Particle Size Distribution 36 vii

viii 0 CONTENTS 2-15 Acoustic Waves 37 2-16 Acoustic Scattering 39 CHAPTER 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF DISCRETE SCATTERERS IN THE ATMOSPHERE, OCEAN, AND BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS 41 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 43 50 49 43 41 Weather Radar, Clutter, and Interference Aerosols and Hydrometeors 3-2-1 Rain 3-2-2 Clouds, Fog, Haze, and Smog 3-2-3 Snow and Hail Optical Scattering in Seawater (Hydrooptics) 52 Underwater Acoustic Scattering (Hydroacoustics) 3-4-1 Scattering from Air Bubbles 3-4-2 Scattering from Fish Scattering from Biological Materials 3-5-1 Bioelectromagnetics 3-5-2 Biooptics 3-5-3 Bioacoustics 60 62 63 67 55 58 62 CHAPTER 4 SCATTERING OF WAVES FROM THE TENUOUS DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICLES 69 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 Single Scattering Approximation for Average Scattered Power First Order Multiple Scattering Representation of Scattered 71 Power 73 Narrow Beam Equation Coherent and Incoherent Fields Time-Correlated Scattering Cross Section of a Moving Particle 80 Temporal Correlation Function and Temporal Frequency Spectrum 74 77 of Scattered Fields 85 Spatial Correlation of Scattered Fields Correlation with a Moving Receiver Probability Distributions of Scattered Fields 86 88 89

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