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Principles of Remote Sensing.pdf
PoRSHyperlinked.pdf
Title page
Table of contents
List of figures
List of tables
Preface
1 Introduction to remote sensing
1.1 Spatial data acquisition
1.2 Application of remote sensing
1.3 Structure of this textbook
2 Electromagnetic energy and remote sensing
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Electromagnetic energy
2.2.1 Waves and photons
2.2.2 Sources of EM energy
2.2.3 Electromagnetic spectrum
2.2.4 Active and passive remote sensing
2.3 Energy interaction in the atmosphere
2.3.1 Absorption and transmission
2.3.2 Atmospheric scattering
2.4 Energy interactions with the Earth's surface
2.4.1 Spectral reflectance curves
3 Sensors and platforms
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Sensors
3.2.1 Passive sensors
3.2.2 Active sensors
3.3 Platforms
3.3.1 Airborne remote sensing
3.3.2 Spaceborne remote sensing
3.4 Image data characteristics
3.5 Data selection criteria
4 Aerial cameras
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Aerial camera
4.2.1 Lens cone
4.2.2 Film magazine and auxiliary data
4.2.3 Camera mounting
4.3 Spectral and radiometric characteristics
4.3.1 General sensitivity
4.3.2 Spectral sensitivity
4.3.3 True colour and colour infrared photography
4.3.4 Scanning
4.4 CCD as image recording device
4.5 Spatial characteristics
4.5.1 Scale
4.5.2 Spatial resolution
4.6 Relief displacement
4.7 Aerial photography missions
4.8 Recent developments in aerial photography
5 Multispectral scanners
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Whiskbroom scanner
5.2.1 Spectral characteristics of a whiskbroom
5.2.2 Geometric characteristics of a whiskbroom
5.3 Pushbroom sensor
5.3.1 Spectral characteristics of a pushbroom
5.3.2 Geometric characteristics of a pushbroom
5.4 Some operational Earth observation systems
5.4.1 Low-resolution systems
5.4.2 Medium-resolution systems
5.4.3 High-resolution systems
5.4.4 Imaging spectrometry, or hyperspectral systems
5.4.5 Example of a large multi-instument system
5.4.6 Future developments
6 Active sensors
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Radar
6.2.1 What is radar?
6.2.2 Principles of imaging radar
6.2.3 Geometric properties of radar
6.2.4 Data formats
6.2.5 Distortions in radar images
6.2.6 Interpretation of radar images
6.2.7 Applications of radar
6.2.8 INSAR
6.2.9 Differential INSAR
6.2.10 Application of (D)InSAR
6.2.11 Supply market
6.2.12 SAR systems
6.2.13 Trends
6.3 Laser scanning
6.3.1 Basic principle
6.3.2 ALS components and processes
6.3.3 System characteristics
6.3.4 Variants of Laser Scanning
6.3.5 Supply Market
7 Remote sensing below the ground surface
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Gamma-ray surveys
7.3 Gravity and magnetic anomaly mapping
7.4 Electrical imaging
7.5 Seismic surveying
8 Radiometric correction
8.1 Introduction
8.2 From satellite to ground radiances: the atmospheric correction
8.3 Atmospheric correction in the visible part of the spectrum
8.3.1 Cosmetic corrections
8.3.2 Relative AC methods based on ground reflectance
8.3.3 Absolute AC methods based on atmospheric processes
9 Geometric aspects
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Two-dimensional approaches
9.2.1 Georeferencing
9.2.2 Geocoding
9.3 Three-dimensional approaches
9.3.1 Orientation
9.3.2 Monoplotting
9.3.3 Orthoimage production
9.3.4 Stereo restitution
10 Image enhancement and visualisation
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Perception of colour
10.2.1 Tri-stimuli model
10.2.2 Colour spaces
10.3 Visualization of image data
10.3.1 Histograms
10.3.2 Single band image display
10.4 Filter operations
10.4.1 Noise reduction
10.4.2 Edge enhancement
10.5 Colour composites
10.5.1 Application of RGB and IHS for image fusion
11 Visual image interpretation
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Image understanding and interpretation
11.2.1 Human vision
11.2.2 Interpretation elements
11.2.3 Stereoscopic vision
11.3 Application of visual image interpretation
11.3.1 Soil mapping with aerial photographs
11.3.2 Land cover mapping from multispectral data
11.3.3 Some general aspects
11.4 Quality aspects
12 Digital image classification
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Principle of image classification
12.2.1 Image space
12.2.2 Feature space
12.2.3 Image classification
12.3 Image classification process
12.3.1 Preparation for image classification
12.3.2 Supervised image classification
12.3.3 Unsupervised image classification
12.3.4 Classification algorithms
12.4 Validation of the result
12.5 Problems in image classification
13 Thermal remote sensing
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Principles of Thermal Remote Sensing
13.2.1 The physical laws
13.2.2 Blackbodies and emissivity
13.2.3 Radiant and kinetic temperatures
13.3 Processing of thermal data
13.3.1 Band ratios and transformations
13.3.2 Determining kinetic surface temperatures
13.4 Thermal applications
13.4.1 Rock emissivity mapping
13.4.2 Thermal hotspot detection
14 Imaging Spectrometry
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Reflection characteristics of rocks and minerals
14.3 Pre-processing of imaging spectrometer data
14.4 Atmospheric correction of imaging spectrometer data
14.5 Thematic analysis of imaging spectrometer data
14.5.1 Spectral matching algorithms
14.5.2 Spectral unmixing
14.6 Applications of imaging spectrometry data
14.6.1 Geology and resources exploration
14.6.2 Vegetation sciences
14.6.3 Hydrology
14.7 Imaging spectrometer systems
14.8 Summary
Bibliography
Glossary
Index
A SI units & prefixes
PRINCIPLES OF
REMOTE SENSING
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR GEO-INFORMATION SCIENCE AND EARTH OBSERVATION
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© 2004 ITC
Principles of
Remote Sensing
An introductory textbook
Editors
Norman Kerle
Lucas L. F. Janssen
Gerrit C. Huurneman
Wim H. Bakker
Karl A. Grabmaier
Gerrit C. Huurneman
Freek D. van der Meer
Anupma Prakash
Klaus Tempfli
Authors
Ambro S. M. Gieske
Chris A. Hecker
Lucas L. F. Janssen
Gabriel N. Parodi
Colin V. Reeves
Michael J. C. Weir
Ben G. H. Gorte
John A. Horn
Norman Kerle
Christine Pohl
Frank J. van Ruitenbeek
Tsehaie Woldai
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Cover illustration:
Paul Klee (1879–1940), Chosen Site (1927)
Pen-drawing and water-colour on paper. Original size: 57.8 × 40.5 cm.
Private collection, Munich
© Paul Klee, Chosen Site, 2001 c/o Beeldrecht Amstelveen
Cover page design: Wim Feringa
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or translated in any form, by
print, photoprint, microfilm, microfiche or any other means without written permission
from the publisher.
Published by:
The International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation
(ITC), Hengelosestraat 99, P.O. Box 6, 7500 AA Enschede, The Netherlands
CIP-GEGEVENS KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG
Principles of Remote Sensing
Norman Kerle, Lucas L. F. Janssen and Gerrit C. Huurneman (eds.)
(ITC Educational Textbook Series; 2)
Third edition
In print: ISBN 90–6164–227–2 ITC, Enschede, The Netherlands
ISSN 1567–5777 ITC Educational Textbook Series
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Contents
1
Introduction to remote sensing
1.1 Spatial data acquisition . . . .
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4
Contents
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2.4 Energy interactions with the Earth’s surface .
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3 Sensors and platforms
Introduction . . . . . . . . .
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Contents
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4.5.1
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5 Multispectral scanners
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5.3 Pushbroom sensor
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INSAR . . . . . . . .
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7 Remote sensing below the ground surface
Introduction . . . . . . . . . .
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7.3 Gravity and magnetic anomaly mapping .
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Contents
8
7.4 Electrical imaging . . . . . . .
7.5 Seismic surveying . . . . . . .
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8 Radiometric correction
Introduction . . . . . . . . . .
8.1
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8.2 From satellite to ground radiances: the atmospheric correction .
8.3 Atmospheric correction in the visible part of the spectrum .
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8.3.1 Cosmetic corrections .
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8.3.2 Relative AC methods based on ground reflectance .
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8.3.3 Absolute AC methods based on atmospheric processes .
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G. N. Parodi & A. Prakash
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9 Geometric aspects
Introduction . . . . . . . . . .
9.2.1 Georeferencing . . . .
9.2.2 Geocoding . . . . . . .
9.1
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9.2 Two-dimensional approaches .
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9.3 Three-dimensional approaches .
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9.3.1 Orientation . . . . . .
9.3.2 Monoplotting . . . . .
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9.3.3 Orthoimage production .
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9.3.4
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L. L. F. Janssen, M. J. C. Weir, K. A. Grabmaier & N. Kerle
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Stereo restitution . . .
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10 Image enhancement and visualisation
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . .
10.2 Perception of colour . . . . . .
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B. G. H. Gorte & E. M. Schetselaar
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