WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
AND NETWORKS
AND NETWORKS
SeCOND EDITION
SeCOND EDITION
Williant Stallings
Williant Stallings
•Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
•Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
-
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© 2005,2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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• •
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission
in writing from the publisher.
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Printed in the United States ofAmerica
10987654321
ISBN: 0-13-191835-4
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As always)
for my loving wife
and her constant companions
Geoffroi and Helma
CONTENTS
Preface xi
Chapter 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
Introduction 1
Wireless Comes ofAge 2
The Cellular Revolution 3
The Global Cellular Network 4
Broadband 5
Future Trends 5
The Trouble with Wireless 7
Outline of the Book 7
Internet and Web Resources 10
PART ONE TECHNICAL BACKGROUND 13
Chapter 2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
Chapter 3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
Chapter 4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
Transmission Fundamentals 14
Signals for Conveying Information 15
Analog and Digital Data Transmission 22
Channel Capacity 27
Transmission Media 31
Multiplexing 36
Recommended Readings and Web Sites 40
Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 41
Appendix 2A Decibels and Signal Strength 43
Communication Networks 46
LANs,MANs,andWANs 47
Switching Techniques 49
Circuit Switching 50
Packet Switching 54
Asynchronous Transfer Mode 60
Recommended Readings and Web Sites 65
key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 66
Protocols and the TCPlIP Suite 69
The Need for a Protocol Architecture 70
The TCP/IP Protocol Architecture 71
The OSI Model 75
Internetworking 77
Recommended Readings and Web Sites 83
Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 83
Appendix 4A Internet Protocol 85
Appendix 4B Transmission Control Protocol 88
Appendix 4C User Datagram Protocol 92
--VII
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...
Vlll CONTENTS
PART TWO WIRELESS COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY 94
Chapter 5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
Chapter 6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
Chapter 7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
Chapter 8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
Antennas and Propagation 95
Antennas 96
Propagation Modes 101
Line-of-Sight Transmission 105
Fading in the Mobile Environment 115
Recommended Readings and Web Sites 122
Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 123
Signal Encoding Techniques 127
Signal Encoding Criteria 129
Digital Data, Analog Signals 131
Analog Data, Analog Signals 142
Analog Data, Digital Signals 148
Recommended Readings 155
Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 155
Spread Spectrum 159
The Concept of Spread Spectrum 160
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum 161
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 166
Code Division Multiple Access 170
Generation of Spreading Sequences 173
Recommended Readings and Web Sites 186
Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 186
Coding and Error Control 192
Error Detection 193
Block Error Correction Codes 200
Convolutional Codes 216
Automatic Repeat Request 223
Recommended Readings 230
Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 231
PART THREE WIRELESS NETWORKING 236
Chapter 9
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
Chapter 10
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
Satellite Communications 237
Satellite Parameters and Configurations 238
Capacity Allocation-Frequency Division 250
Capacity Allocation-Time Division 256
Recommended Readings and Web Sites 261
Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 262
Cellular Wireless Networks 264
Principles of Cellular Networks 265
First-Generation Analog 282
Second-Generation TDMA 285
Second-Generation CDMA 298
Third-Generation Systems 304
CONTENTS IX
.
10.6
10.7
Chapter 11
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
Chapter 12
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
Recommended Readings and Web Sites 311
Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 314
Cordless Systems and Wireless Local Loop 317
Cordless Systems 318
Wireless Local Loop 329
WiMAX and IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access Standards 342
Recommended Readings and Web Sites 354
Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 355
Appendix llA Linear Predictive Filters 356
Mobile IP and Wireless Access Protocol 358
Mobile IP 359
Wireless Application. Protocol 373
Recommended Readings and Web Sites 394
Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 396
Appendix 12A Internet Control Message Protocol 397
Appendix 12B Message Authentication 401
Appendix 12C Service Primitives and Parameters 402
PART FOUR WIRELESS LANS 404
Chapter 13
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
Chapter 14
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
Chapter 15
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
Wireless Lan Technology 405
Overview 406
Infrared LANs 413
Spread Spectrum LANs 417
Narrowband Microwave LANs 418
Recommended Readings and Web Sites 419
Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 419
Wi-Fi and the IEEE 802.11 Wireless Lan Standard 421
IEEE 802 Protocol Architecture 422
IEEE 802.11 Architecture and Services 428
IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control 433
IEEE 802.11 Physical Layer 442
Other IEEE 802.11 Standards 451
Recommended Readings and Web Sites 458
Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 459
Appendix 14A Scrambling 460
Bluetooth and IEEE 802.15 463
Overview 464
Radio Specification 471
Baseband Specification 472
Link Manager Protocol 491
Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol 495
IEEE 802.15 501
Recommended Readings and Web Sites 508
Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 509
X CONTENTS
APPENDICES 511
Appendix A
Traffic Analysis 511
Basic Traffic Concepts 512
Multiserver Models 513
Recommended Reading 519
A.l
A.2
A.3
Appendix B
Fourier Analysis 520
B.l
B.2
B.3
Fourier Series Representation of Periodic Signals 521
Fourier Transform Representation of Aperiodic Signals 522
Recommended Readings 525
Appendix C
Data Link Control Protocols 526
C.l
High-Level Data Link Control 527
Glossary 533
References 540
Index 547
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PREFACE
Wireless technology has become the most exciting area in telecommunications and network
ing. The rapid growth of mobile telephone use, various satellite services, and now the wireless
Internet and wireless LANs are generating tremendous changes in telecommunications and
networking. This book explores the key topics in the field in the following general categories:
• Technology and architecture: There is a small collection of ingredients that serves to char
acterize and differentiate wireless communication and networking, including frequency
band, signal encoding technique, error correction technique, and network architecture.
• Network type: This book covers the important types of wireless networks, including
satellite, cellular, fixed wireless access, and wireless LANs.
• Design approaches: The book examines alternative design choices and assesses their
relative merits.
• Applications: A number of key technologies and applications have been developed on
top of wireless infrastructures, especially mobile IP and wireless Web access.
Throughout, there is an emphasis on both technology and on standards. The book pro
vides a comprehensive guide to understanding specific wireless standards, such as those pro
mulgated by lTD and IEEE 802, as well as standards developed by other organizations. This
emphasis reflects the importance of such standards in defining the available products and
future research directions in this field.
This book is intended for a broad range of readers who will benefit from an understanding
of wireless communications and networks, and the associated technologies. This includes stu
dents and professionals in the fields of data processing and data communications, designers
and implementers, and data communication and networking customers and managers. For
the professional interested in this field, the book serves as a basic reference volume and is
suitable for self-study.
As a textbook, it is suitable for an advanced undergraduate or graduate course. It cov
ers the material in the CS332 Wireless and Mobile Computing advanced course of the joint
ACM/IEEE Computing Curricula 2001. The chapters and parts of the book are sufficiently
modular to provide a great deal of flexibility in the design of courses.
The book treats a number of advanced topics and provides a brief survey of the required ele
mentary topics. For the reader with little or no background in data communications, Part
One and the appendices cover a number of basic topics. The book is divided into four parts:
• Technical Background
• Wireless Communication Technology
Xl