2000 年上海同济大学近代大地测量考研真题 一、 基本概念 1 常规大地测量中测量采用的基准面、基准线是什么?如何实现?计算采用的 基准面、基准 线是什么?两种基准面、基准线之间的关系是什么? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2 简述国家天文大地网的布设原则、布设方案。 _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 3 什么是正高、正常高和大地高?它们之间的关系是什么? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 4 什么是法截弧、大地线?两者之间的关系如何? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 5 确定正常重力位需要哪几个量? 

_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 6 写出天体中天时测站纬度、天体赤纬和天顶距之间的关系。 _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 7 简述参考椭球定位的两种方式。 _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 8 简述相位式测距仪的基本工作原理和公式。 _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 二、自五十年代以来，测绘仪器以及计算机得到了很大的发展，请述其对测绘学科发展起的 作用。 _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 

三、GPS 的观测量是什么?GPS 有那些定位方式?并讲述各种方式的主要工作原理和主要误差 来源。 _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 四、高斯投影应满足哪些条件?椭球面上的观测值化算为高斯平面上的观测值需要经过哪些 改正? 写出计算公式。已知 A 点近似坐标（2435000，20 255000），B 点近似坐标（2430000， 20 250000），若在 A、B 两点间进行距离和方向观测，计算两点在 6 度带中的中央子午线 是多少?距离和方向改正值是多少? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________