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802.15.4 协议（标准文档）.pdf

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    IEEE Std 802.15.4-2006 Front Cover
    Title page
    Introduction
    Notice to users
    Errata
    Interpretations
    Patents
    Participants
    Contents
    Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)
    1. Overview
    1.1 General
    1.2 Scope
    1.3 Purpose
    2. Normative references
    3. Definitions
    4. Acronyms and abbreviations
    5. General description
    5.1 Introduction
    5.2 Components of the IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN
    5.3 Network topologies
    5.3.1 Star network formation
    5.3.2 Peer-to-peer network formation
    5.4 Architecture
    5.4.1 Physical layer (PHY)
    5.4.2 MAC sublayer
    5.5 Functional overview
    5.5.1 Superframe structure
    5.5.2 Data transfer model
    5.5.3 Frame structure
    5.5.4 Improving probability of successful delivery
    5.5.5 Power consumption considerations
    5.5.6 Security
    5.6 Concept of primitives
    6. PHY specification
    6.1 General requirements and definitions
    6.1.1 Operating frequency range
    6.1.2 Channel assignments
    6.1.3 Minimum long interframe spacing (LIFS) and short interframe spacing (SIFS) periods
    6.1.4 RF power measurement
    6.1.5 Transmit power
    6.1.6 Out-of-band spurious emission
    6.1.7 Receiver sensitivity definitions
    6.2 PHY service specifications
    6.2.1 PHY data service
    6.2.2 PHY management service
    6.2.3 PHY enumerations description
    6.3 PPDU format
    6.3.1 Preamble field
    6.3.2 SFD field
    6.3.3 Frame Length field
    6.3.4 PSDU field
    6.4 PHY constants and PIB attributes
    6.4.1 PHY constants
    6.4.2 PHY PIB attributes
    6.5 2450 MHz PHY specifications
    6.5.1 Data rate
    6.5.2 Modulation and spreading
    6.5.3 2450 MHz band radio specification
    6.6 868/915 MHz band binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) PHY specifications
    6.6.1 868/915 MHz band data rates
    6.6.2 Modulation and spreading
    6.6.3 868/915 MHz band radio specification
    6.7 868/915 MHz band (optional) amplitude shift keying (ASK) PHY specifications
    6.7.1 868/915 MHz band data rates
    6.7.2 Modulation and spreading
    6.7.3 868/915 MHz band radio specification for the ASK PHY
    6.7.4 SHR for ASK PHY
    6.8 868/915 MHz band (optional) O-QPSK PHY specifications
    6.8.1 868/915 MHz band data rates
    6.8.2 Modulation and spreading
    6.8.3 868/915 MHz band radio specification
    6.9 General radio specifications
    6.9.1 TX-to-RX turnaround time
    6.9.2 RX-to-TX turnaround time
    6.9.3 Error-vector magnitude (EVM) definition
    6.9.4 Transmit center frequency tolerance
    6.9.5 Transmit power
    6.9.6 Receiver maximum input level of desired signal
    6.9.7 Receiver ED
    6.9.8 Link quality indicator (LQI)
    6.9.9 Clear channel assessment (CCA)
    7. MAC sublayer specification
    7.1 MAC sublayer service specification
    7.1.1 MAC data service
    7.1.2 MAC management service
    7.1.3 Association primitives
    7.1.4 Disassociation primitives
    7.1.5 Beacon notification primitive
    7.1.6 Primitives for reading PIB attributes
    7.1.7 GTS management primitives
    7.1.8 Primitives for orphan notification
    7.1.9 Primitives for resetting the MAC sublayer
    7.1.10 Primitives for specifying the receiver enable time
    7.1.11 Primitives for channel scanning
    7.1.12 Communication status primitive
    7.1.13 Primitives for writing PIB attributes
    7.1.14 Primitives for updating the superframe configuration
    7.1.15 Primitives for synchronizing with a coordinator
    7.1.16 Primitives for requesting data from a coordinator
    7.1.17 MAC enumeration description
    7.2 MAC frame formats
    7.2.1 General MAC frame format
    7.2.2 Format of individual frame types
    7.2.3 Frame compatibility
    7.3 MAC command frames
    7.3.1 Association request command
    7.3.2 Association response command
    7.3.3 Disassociation notification command
    7.3.4 Data request command
    7.3.5 PAN ID conflict notification command
    7.3.6 Orphan notification command
    7.3.7 Beacon request command
    7.3.8 Coordinator realignment command
    7.3.9 GTS request command
    7.4 MAC constants and PIB attributes
    7.4.1 MAC constants
    7.4.2 MAC PIB attributes
    7.5 MAC functional description
    7.5.1 Channel access
    7.5.2 Starting and maintaining PANs
    7.5.3 Association and disassociation
    7.5.4 Synchronization
    7.5.5 Transaction handling
    7.5.6 Transmission, reception, and acknowledgment
    7.5.7 GTS allocation and management
    7.5.8 Frame security
    7.6 Security suite specifications
    7.6.1 PIB security material
    7.6.2 Auxiliary security header
    7.6.3 Security operations
    7.7 Message sequence charts illustrating MAC-PHY interaction
    Annex A (normative) Service-specific convergence sublayer (SSCS)
    A.1 IEEE 802.2 convergence sublayer
    A.1.1 MA-UNITDATA.request
    A.1.2 MA-UNITDATA.indication
    A.1.3 MA-UNITDATA-STATUS.indication
    Annex B (normative) CCM* mode of operation
    B.1 Introduction
    B.2 Notation and representation
    B.2.1 Strings and string operations
    B.2.2 Integers, octets, and their representation
    B.3 Symmetric-key cryptographic building blocks
    B.3.1 Block cipher
    B.3.2 Mode of operation
    B.4 Specification of generic CCM* mode of operation
    B.4.1 CCM* mode encryption and authentication transformation
    B.4.2 CCM* mode decryption and authentication checking transformation
    B.4.3 Restrictions
    Annex C (informative) Test vectors for cryptographic building blocks
    C.1 AES block cipher
    C.2 Mode of operation
    C.2.1 MAC beacon frame
    C.2.2 MAC data frame
    C.2.3 MAC command frame
    Annex D (normative) Protocol implementation conformance statement (PICS) proforma
    D.1 Introduction
    D.1.1 Scope
    D.1.2 Purpose
    D.2 Abbreviations and special symbols
    D.3 Instructions for completing the PICS proforma
    D.4 Identification of the implementation
    D.5 Identification of the protocol
    D.6 Global statement of conformance
    D.7 PICS proforma tables
    D.7.1 Major roles for devices compliant with IEEE Std 802.15.4-2006
    D.7.2 Major capabilities for the PHY
    D.7.3 Major capabilities for the MAC sublayer
    Annex E (informative) Coexistence with other IEEE standards and proposed standards
    E.1 Introduction
    E.2 Standards and proposed standards characterized for coexistence
    E.3 General coexistence issues
    E.3.1 Clear channel assessment (CCA)
    E.3.2 Modulation
    E.3.3 ED and LQI
    E.3.4 Low duty cycle
    E.3.5 Low transmit power
    E.3.6 Channel alignment
    E.3.7 Dynamic channel selection
    E.3.8 Neighbor piconet capability
    E.4 2400 MHz band coexistence performance
    E.4.1 Assumptions for coexistence quantification
    E.4.2 BER model
    E.4.3 Coexistence simulation results
    E.5 800/900 MHz bands coexistence performance
    E.5.1 Victims and assailants
    E.5.2 Bandwidth
    E.5.3 Path loss model
    E.5.4 Temporal model
    E.5.5 Coexistence assurance results
    E.6 Notes on the calculations
    Annex F (informative) IEEE 802.15.4 regulatory requirements
    F.1 Introduction
    F.2 Applicable U.S. (FCC) rules
    F.2.1 Section 15.35 of FCC CFR47
    F.2.2 Section 15.209 of FCC CFR47
    F.2.3 Section 15.205 of FCC CFR47
    F.2.4 Section 15.247 of FCC CFR47
    F.2.5 Section 15.249 of FCC CFR47
    F.3 Applicable European rules
    F.3.1 European 2400 MHz band rules
    F.3.2 European 868-870 MHz band rules
    F.4 Applicable Japanese rules
    F.5 Emissions specification analysis with respect to known worldwide regulations
    F.5.1 General analysis and impact of detector bandwidth and averaging rules
    F.5.2 Frequency spreading and averaging effects specific to IEEE Std 802.15.4
    F.6 Summary of out-of-band spurious emissions limits
    F.7 Phase noise requirements inferred from regulatory limits
    F.8 Summary of transmission power levels
    Annex G (informative) Bibliography
    G.1 General
    G.2 Regulatory documents
    IEEE Standard for Information technology— Telecommunications and information exchange between systems— Local and metropolitan area networks— Specific requirements Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) IEEE Computer Society Sponsored by the LAN/MAN Standards Committee I E E E 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997, USA 8 September 2006 IEEE Std 802.15.4™-2006 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.15.4-2003)
    IEEE Std 802.15.4™-2006 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.15.4-2003) IEEE Standard for Information technology— Telecommunications and information exchange between systems— Local and metropolitan area networks— Specific requirements— Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) Sponsor LAN/MAN Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society Approved 7 June 2006 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: IEEE Std 802.15.4-2003 defined the protocol and compatible interconnection for data communication devices using low-data-rate, low-power, and low-complexity short-range radio frequency (RF) transmissions in a wireless personal area network (WPAN). This revision extends the market applicability of IEEE Std 802.15.4, removes ambiguities in the standard, and makes improvements revealed by implementations of IEEE Std 802.15.4-2003. Keywords: ad hoc network, low data rate, low power, LR-WPAN, mobility, PAN, personal area network, radio frequency, RF, short range, wireless, wireless personal area network, WPAN The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright © 2006 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 8 September 2006. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE and 802 are registered trademarks in the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, owned by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Incorporated. Print: PDF: ISBN 0-7381-4996-9 SH95552 ISBN 0-7381-4997-7 SS95552 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
    IEEE Standards documents are developed within the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) Standards Board. The IEEE develops its standards through a consensus development process, approved by the American National Standards Institute, which brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve the final product. Volunteers are not necessarily members of the Institute and serve without compensation. While the IEEE administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the consensus development process, the IEEE does not independently evaluate, test, or verify the accuracy of any of the information contained in its standards. Use of an IEEE Standard is wholly voluntary. The IEEE disclaims liability for any personal injury, property or other damage, of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance upon this, or any other IEEE Standard document. The IEEE does not warrant or represent the accuracy or content of the material contained herein, and expressly disclaims any express or implied warranty, including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a specific purpose, or that the use of the material contained herein is free from patent infringement. IEEE Standards documents are supplied “AS IS.” The existence of an IEEE Standard does not imply that there are no other ways to produce, test, measure, purchase, market, or provide other goods and services related to the scope of the IEEE Standard. Furthermore, the viewpoint expressed at the time a standard is approved and issued is subject to change brought about through developments in the state of the art and comments received from users of the standard. Every IEEE Standard is subjected to review at least every five years for revision or reaffirmation. When a document is more than five years old and has not been reaffirmed, it is reasonable to conclude that its contents, although still of some value, do not wholly reflect the present state of the art. Users are cautioned to check to determine that they have the latest edition of any IEEE Standard. In publishing and making this document available, the IEEE is not suggesting or rendering professional or other services for, or on behalf of, any person or entity. Nor is the IEEE undertaking to perform any duty owed by any other person or entity to another. Any person utilizing this, and any other IEEE Standards document, should rely upon the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. Interpretations: Occasionally questions may arise regarding the meaning of portions of standards as they relate to specific applications. When the need for interpretations is brought to the attention of IEEE, the Institute will initiate action to prepare appropriate responses. Since IEEE Standards represent a consensus of concerned interests, it is important to ensure that any interpretation has also received the concurrence of a balance of interests. For this reason, IEEE and the members of its societies and Standards Coordinating Committees are not able to provide an instant response to interpretation requests except in those cases where the matter has previously received formal consideration. At lectures, symposia, seminars, or educational courses, an individual presenting information on IEEE standards shall make it clear that his or her views should be considered the personal views of that individual rather than the formal position, explanation, or interpretation of the IEEE. Comments for revision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any interested party, regardless of membership affiliation with IEEE. Suggestions for changes in documents should be in the form of a proposed change of text, together with appropriate supporting comments. Comments on standards and requests for interpretations should be addressed to: Secretary, IEEE-SA Standards Board 445 Hoes Lane Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA Authorization to photocopy portions of any individual standard for internal or personal use is granted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., provided that the appropriate fee is paid to Copyright Clearance Center. To arrange for payment of licensing fee, please contact Copyright Clearance Center, Customer Service, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA; +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center.
    Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 802.15.4-2006, IEEE Standard for Information technology—Telecom- munications and information exchange between systems—Local and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements—Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs). This standard defines the protocol and interconnection of devices via radio communication in a personal area network (PAN). The standard uses carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA-CA) medium access mechanism and supports star as well as peer-to-peer topologies. The media access is contention based; however, using the optional superframe structure, time slots can be allocated by the PAN coordinator to devices with time critical data. Connectivity to higher performance networks is provided through a PAN coordinator. This revision was initiated to incorporate additional features and enhancements as well as some simplifications to the 2003 edition of this standard. The standard now includes two optional physical layers (PHYs) yielding higher data rates in the lower frequency bands and, therefore, specifies the following four PHYs: — An 868/915 MHz direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) PHY employing binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation — An 868/915 MHz DSSS PHY employing offset quadrature phase-shift keying (O-QPSK) modulation — An 868/915 MHz parallel sequence spread spectrum (PSSS) PHY employing BPSK and amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulation — A 2450 MHz DSSS PHY employing O-QPSK modulation The 868/915 MHz PHYs support over-the-air data rates of 20 kb/s, 40 kb/s, and optionally 100kb/s and 250kb/s. The 2450 MHz PHY supports an over-the-air data rate of 250 kb/s. The PHY chosen depends on local regulations and user preference. This revision also incorporates the following additions and enhancements to the 2003 edition: — Adds support for a shared time base through the addition of a data time stamping mechanism — Adds extensions of the 2.4GHz derivative modulation yielding higher data rates at the lower frequency bands — Incorporates a mechanism for communicating the revision level on a frame-by-frame basis — Adds support for beacon scheduling — Allows synchronization of broadcast messages in beacon-enabled PANs — Improves usage of security suite Also, this revision incorporates the following changes and simplifications: — Makes GTS support optional — Removes restrictions for manually enabling the receiver — Simplifies passive and active scan procedures — Allows for more flexibility in the CSMA-CA algorithm — Reduces association time in nonbeacon networks This revision is backward-compatible to the 2003 edition; in other words, devices conforming to this standard are capable of joining and functioning in a PAN composed of devices conforming to IEEE Std 802.15.4-2003. Copyright © 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved. iii
    Notice to users Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:// standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/interp/ index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patents or patent applications for which a license may be required to implement an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its attention. Participants At the time the draft of this standard was sent to sponsor ballot, the IEEE P802.15 Working Group had the following voting members: Robert F. Heile, Chair James D. Allen, Vice Chair Patrick W. Kinney, Assistant Vice Chair James P. K. Gilb, Editor-in-Chief Patrick W. Kinney, Secretary Michael D. McInnis, Assistant Secretary and Editor John R. Barr, Task Group 3b Chair Reed Fisher, Task Group 3c Chair Patrick W. Kinney, Task Group 4a Chair Myung Lee, Task Group 5 Chair Robert D. Poor, Task Group 4b Chair Marco Naeve, Task Group 4b Vice Chair Monique B. Brown, Task Group 4b Editor-in-Chief Eric T. Gnoske, Task Group 4b Secretary Philip E. Beecher, MAC Contributing Editor Monique B. Brown, MAC Technical Editor Edgar H. Callaway, Jr., MAC Contributing Editor Francois Chin, PHY Contributing Editor Robert C. Cragie, MAC/Security Contributing Editor Paul Gorday, PHY Contributing Editor James P. K. Gilb, Draft D3 Editor-in-Chief Øyvind Janbu, MAC/PHY/Security Contributing Editor Marco Naeve, General Description/PICS Editor, MAC Contributing Editor Clinton C. Powell, PHY Technical Editor Joseph Reddy, Security Contributing Editor iv Copyright © 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved.
    Zachary Smith, MAC Contributing Editor René Struik, Security Contributing Editor Andreas C. Wolf, PHY Contributing Editor Tzyy Hong Jiang David Julian Jeyhan Karaoguz Michael Kelly Stuart Kerry Jae-Hyon Kim Jaeyoung Kim Jinkyeong Kim Yongsuk Kim Kursat Kimyacioglu Matthias Kindler Guenter Kleindl Ryuji Kohno Mike Krell Yasushi Kudo Akiomi Kunisa Yuzo Kuramochi Jiun-You Lai Ismail Lakkis John Lampe Kyung Kuk Lee Wooyong Lee David Leeper Huan-Bang Li Haixiang Liang Ian Macnamara Akira Maeki Patricia Martigne Abbie Mathew Taisuke Matsumoto Gustaf Max Michael McLaughlin Charlie Mellone Klaus Meyer Samuel Mo Andreas Molisch Mark Moore Ken Naganuma Yves-Paul Nakache Hiroyuki Nakase Saishankar Nandagopalan Chiu Ngo Erwin Noble John O’Conor Knut Odman Hiroyo Ogawa Yasuyuki Okuma Philip Orlik Laurent Ouvry John Pardee Nirmalendu Patra Dave Patton Xiaoming Peng Tony Pollock Vidyasagar Premkumar Yihong Qi Raad Raad Pekka Ranta Dani Raphaeli Gregg Rasor Charles Razzell Ivan Reede Yuko Rikuta Terry Robar Glyn Roberts Richard Roberts Benjamin Rolfe Philippe Rouzet Chandos Rypinski Ali Sadri Saeid Safavi Zafer Sahinoglu Tomoki Saito Syed Saleem Kamran Sayrafian Jean Schwoerer Erik Schylander Alireza Seyedi Sanjeev Sharma Siddharth Shetty John Shi Shusaku Shimada Yuichi Shiraki Gadi Shor William Shvodian Thomas Siep Michael Sim Kazimierz Siwiak V. Somayazulu Amjad Soomro Carl Stevenson Kazuaki Takahashi Kenichi Takizawa Teik-Kheong Tan Mike Tanahashi Yasushi Tanaka James Taylor Arnaud Tonnerre Ichihiko Toyoda Jerry Upton Bart Van Poucke Chris Weber Matthew Welborn Magnus Wiklund Gerald Wineinger Patrick Worfolk Tracy Wright Hirohisa Yamaguchi Kamya Yekeh Yazdandoost Su-Khiong Yong Zhan Yu Serdar Yurdakul Mahmoud Zadeh Bin Zhen Roberto Aiello Richard Alfvin Mikio Aoki Takashi Arita Larry Arnett Arthur Astrin Yasaman Bahreini Jay Bain Alan Berkema Bruce Bosco Mark Bowles Charles Brabenac David Brenner Vern Brethour Ronald Brown Bill Carney Kuor-Hsin Chang Jonathon Cheah Kwan-Wu Chin Sarm-Goo Cho Sungsoo Choi Yun Choi Chun-Ting Chou Manoj Choudhary Celestino Corral Joe Decuir Javier Del Prado Pavon Kai Dombrowski Stefan Drude Amal Ekbal Jason Ellis Shahriar Emami Paul Everest Mark W. Fidler Kris Fleming Amir Freund Camillo Gentile Ian Gifford Sung-Wook Goh Sorin Goldenberg Vivek Gupta Rainer Hach Robert Hall Shinsuke Hara Jeff Harris Allen Heberling Eric Heinze Barry Herold Keisuke Higuchi Jin-Meng Ho Patrick Houghton Robert Huang Tian-Wei Huang Hideto Ikeda Tetsushi Ikegami Adrian Jennings Ho-In Jeon Copyright © 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved. v
    Major contributions were received from the following individuals: Jon Adams Helmut P. Adamski Jonathan Avey Jon Beniston Bernd Grohmann José A. Gutierrez Jesper Holm ZhiJian Hu Phil A. Jamieson Yuen-Sam Kwok Colin Lanzl Myung Lee Zhongding Lei Liang Li Yong Liu Frederick Martin Frank Poegel Matthias Scheide D. C. Seward Huai-Rong Shao Mark Shea Stephen J. Shellhammer Mark A. Tillinghast Johannes Van Leeuwen Richard Wilson Ping Xiong Bing Xu ChenYang Yang Chunhui Zhu The following members of the balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. Helmut P. Adamski Toru Aihara Richard L. Alfvin Butch Anton Mikio Aoki Lee R. Armstrong John R. Barr Hugh Barrass Philip E. Beecher Alexei Beliaev Gennaro Boggia Monique B. Brown Matthew K. Burnburg William A. Byrd Sean S. Cai Edgar H. Callaway, Jr. James T. Carlo Juan C. Carreon Jon S. Chambers YiMing Chen Danila Chernetsov Elizabeth Chesnutt Aik Chindapol Keith Chow Ryon K. Coleman Tommy P. Cooper Robert C. Cragie Javier Del-Prado-Pavon Russell S. Dietz Thomas J. Dineen Carlo Donati Sourav K. Dutta Paul S. Eastman Andre F. Fournier Avraham Freedman Ignacio Marin Garcia Devon L. Gayle Theodore Georgantas Ian C. Gifford James P. K. Gilb Eric T. Gnoske Nikhil Goel Sergiu R. Goma Patrick S. Gonia Ron K. Greenthaler Bernd Grohmann Randall C. Groves Pradeep Gupta José A. Gutierrez C. G. Guy Siamack Haghighi Karl F. Heubaum Dennis Horwitz Arshad Hussain Atsushi Ito Peeya Iwagoshi Raj Jain David V. James Phil A. Jamieson Øyvind Janbu Bobby Jose Efthymios G. Karabetsos Stuart J. Kerry Brian G. Kiernan Yongbum Kim Patrick W. Kinney Jeremy A. Landt Solomon Lee Charles A. Lennon, Jr. Daniel G. Levesque JanRay Liao Chiwoo Lim WeiTing Lin Daniel M. Lubar William Lumpkins G. L. Luri Nathaniel J. Melby Gary L. Michel William J. Mitchell Apurva N. Mody John S. Monson Said Moridi Ronald G. Murias Marco Naeve Madihally J. Narasimha Nabil Nasser Michael S. Newman Paul Nikolich Erwin R. Noble Richard H. Noens Satoshi Obara Knut T. Odman Chris L. Osterloh Satoshi Oyama Subburajan Ponnuswamy Robert D. Poor Clinton C. Powell Vikram Punj Maurice M. Reintjes Maximilian Riegel Robert A. Robinson Frank H. Rocchio Jon W. Rosdahl John C. Sargent III Stephen J. Shellhammer Nicoll B. Shepherd Shusaku Shimada William M. Shvodian Matthew L. Smith Amjad A. Soomro Thomas E. Starai René Struik Mark A. Sturza Norman L. Swenson David W. Thompson Mark A. Tillinghast Svein A. Tunheim MarkRene Uchida Scott A. Valcourt Johannes Van Leeuwen Amanda E. Walker Stanley S. Wang HungYu Wei Andreas C. Wolf Derek T. Woo Eric V. Woods Forrest D. Wright Oren Yuen Surong Zeng vi Copyright © 2006 IEEE. All rights reserved.
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