第1页 / 共474页
第2页 / 共474页
第3页 / 共474页
第4页 / 共474页
第5页 / 共474页
第6页 / 共474页
第7页 / 共474页
第8页 / 共474页
B Stroustrup-The design andevolution of C _ Reading, Mass. Addison-Wesley _ 1994 repr.1995-Addison-Wesley (1994).pdf
Preface
Contents
Notes to the Reader
Part I
1 The Prehistory of C++
1.1 Simula and Distributed Systems
1.2 C and Systems Programming
1.3 General Background
2 C with Classes
2.1 The Birth of C with Classes
2.2 Feature overview
2.3 Classes
2.4 Run-Time Efficiency
2.5 The Linkage Model
2.6 Static Type Checking
2.7 Why C?
2.8 Syntax Problems
2.9 Derived Classes
2.10 The Protection Model
2.11 Run-Time Guarantees
2.12 Minor Features
2.13 Features Considered, but not Provided
3 The Birth of C++
3.1 From C with Classes to C++
3.2 Aims
3.3 Cfront
3.4 Language Features
3.5 Virtual Functions
3.6 Overloading
3.7 References
3.8 Constants
3.9 Memory Managament
3.10 Type Checking
3.11 Minor Features
3.12 Relationship to Classic C
3.13 Tools for Language Design
3.14 The C++ Programming Language(1st edition)
3.15 The Whatis? Paper
4 C++ Language Design Rules
4.1 Rules and Principles
4.2 General Rules
4.3 Design Support Rules
4.4 Language-Technical Rules
4.5 Low-Level Programming Support Rules
4.6 A Final Word
5 Chronology 1985-1993
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Release 2.0
5.3 The Annotated Reference Manual
5.4 ANSI and ISO Standardization
6 Standardization
6.1 What is a Standard?
6.2 How does the Committee Operate?
6.3 Clarifications
6.4 Extensions
6.5 Examples of Proposed Extensions
7 Interest and Use
7.1 The Explosion in Interest and Use
7.2 Teaching and Learning C++
7.3 Users and Applications
7.4 Commercial Competition
8 Libraries
8.1 Introduction
8.2 C++ Library Design
8.3 Early Libraries
8.4 Other Libraries
8.5 A Standard Library
9 Looking Ahead
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Retrospective
9.3 Only a Bridge?
9.4 What Will Make C++ Much More Effective?
Part II
10 Memory Managemant
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Separating Allocation and Initialization
10.3 Array Allocation
10.4 Placement
10.5 Deallocation Problems
10.6 Memory Exhaustion
10.7 Automatic Garbage Collection
11 Overloading
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Overload Resolution
11.3 Type-Safe Linkage
11.4 Object Creation and Copying
11.5 Notational Convenience
11.6 Adding Operators to C++
11.7 Enumerations
12 Multiple Inheritance
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Ordinary Base Classes
12.3 Virtual Base Classes
12.4 The Object Layout Model
12.5 Method Combination
12.6 The Multiple Inheritance Controversy
12.7 Delegation
12.8 Renaming
12.9 Base and Member Initializers
13 Class Concept Refinements
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Abstract Classes
13.3 const Member Functions
13.4 Static Member Functions
13.5 Nested Classes
13.6 Inherited::
13.7 Relaxation of Overriding Rules
13.8 Multi-methods
13.9 Protected Members
13.10 Improved Code Generation
13.11 Pointers to Members
14 Casting
14.1 Major Extensions
14.2 Run-Time Type Information
14.3 A New Cast Notation
15 Templates
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Templates
15.3 Class Templates
15.4 Constraints on Template Arguments
15.5 Avoiding Code Replication
15.6 Function Templates
15.7 Syntax
15.8 Composition Techniques
15.9 Template Class Relationships
15.10 Template Instantiation
15.11 Implication of Templates
16 Exception Handling
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Aims and Assumptions
16.3 Syntax
16.4 Grouping
16.5 Resource Management
16.6 Resumption vs. Termination
16.7 Asynchronous Events
16.8 Multi-level Propagation
16.9 Static Checking
16.10 Invariants
17 Namespaces
17.1 Introduction
17.2 The Problem
17.3 Ideals for a Solution
17.4 The Solution: Namespaces
17.5 Implications for Classes
17.6 C Compatibility
18 The C Preprocessor
18.1 Cpp
Index
The
Design and Evolution
of
C++
Bjarne Stroustrup
AT&T Bell Laboratories
Murray Hill, New Jersey
•TT
ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY
Reading, Massachusetts
· Menlo Park, California · New York
Don Mills, Ontario · Wokingham, England · Amsterdam · Bonn • Sydney
Singapore · Tokyo · Madrid · San Juan · Milan · Paris
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Stroustrup, Bjame.
The Design and Evolution of C++ / Bjame Stroustrup.
p.
em.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-201-54330-3
1. C++ (Computer program language)
I. Title.
II. Title: Design and Evolution of C plus plus.
QA76.73.C153S79 1994
005. 13'3-dc20
93-50758
CIP
as AT&T
Copyright © 1994 by AT&T Bell Labs.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of
America.
This book was typeset in Times Roman and Courier by the author.
1 23456789 10-MA-969594
Preface
He who does not plow,
must write.
-MartinA. Hansen
The ACM HOPL-2 conference on the History of Programming Languages asked me
to write a paper on the history of C++. This seemed a reasonable idea and a bit of an
honor, so I started writing. To get a more comprehensive and balanced view of C++'s
growth, I asked a few friends from the early days of C++ for their recollections. That
caused news of this project to travel through the grapevine. There, the story mutated,
and one day I received a message from a friend asking where he could buy my new
book on the design of C++. That email message is the real origin of this book.
Traditional books about programming and programming languages explain what a
language is and how to use it. However, many people are also curious about why a
language is the way it is and how it came to be that way. This book answers these last
two questions for C++. It explains how C++ evolved from its first design to the lan
guage in use today.
It describes the key problems, design aims, language ideas, and
constraints that shaped C++, and how they changed over time.
Naturally, C++ and the ideas about design and programming that shaped it didn't
just mutate by themselves. What really evolved was the C++ users' understanding of
their practical problems and of the tools needed to help solve them. Consequently,
this book also traces the key problems tackled using C++ and the views of the people
who tackled them in ways that influenced C++.
C++ is still a young language. Some of the issues discussed here are yet unknown
to many users. Many implications of decisions described here will not become obvi
ous for years to come. This book presents my view of how C++ came about, what it
is, and what it ought to be. I hope this will be of help to people trying to understand
how best to use C++ and in the continuing evolution of C++.
iv
Preface
The emphasis is on the overall design goals, practical constraints, and people that
shaped C++. The key design decisions relating to language features are discussed and
put into their historical context. The evolution of C++ is traced from C with Classes
through Release 1.0 and 2.0 to the current ANSIIISO standards work and the explo
sion of use,
tools, environments, and
libraries. C++'s relationship to C and Simula is discussed in detail. C++' s relation
ship to other languages is discussed briefly. The design of major language facilities
such as classes, inheritance, abstract classes, overloading, memory management, tem
plates, exception handling, run-time type information, and namespaces are discussed
in some detail.
interest, commercial activity, compilers,
The primary aim of this book is to give C++ programmers a better idea of the
background and fundamental concepts of their language and hopefully to inspire them
to experiment with ways of using C++ that are new to them. This book can also be
read by experienced programmers and students of programming languages and might
help them decide whether using C++ might be worth their while.
Acknowledgments
I am very grateful to Steve Clamage, Tony Hansen, Lorraine Juhl, Peter Juhl, Brian
Kernighan, Lee Knight, Doug Lea, Doug McIlroy, Barbara Moo, Jens Palsberg, Steve
Rumsby, and Christopher Skelly for reading complete drafts of this book. Their con
structive comments caused major changes to the contents and organization of this
book. Steve Buroff, Martin Carroll, Sean Corfield, Tom Hagelskjrer, Rick Hollin
beck, Dennis Mancl, and Stan Lippman helped by commenting on selected chapters.
Also, thanks to Archie Lachner for asking for this book before I had thought of writ
ing it.
Naturally, lowe thanks to the many people who helped make C++. In a sense, this
book is a tribute to them and some of their names can be found throughout the chap
ters and in the index. Should I single out individuals, it must be Brian Kernighan,
Andrew Koenig, Doug McIlroy, and Jonathan Shopiro, each of whom has been a
steady source of help, encouragement, and ideas for more than a decade. Also, thanks
to Kristen Nygaard and Dennis Ritchie as the designers of Simula and C from which
the key ingredients of C++ were borrowed. Over the years, I have come to appreciate
them not only as brilliant and practical language designers, but also as gentlemen and
thoroughly likable individuals.
Murray Hill, New Jersey
Bjame Stroustrup
Contents
iii
iv
v
1
1
2
4
4
5
7
17
19
19
22
23
Preface
Contents
Acknowledgments
Notes to the Reader
Introduction
How to Read this Book
C++ Timeline
Focus on Use and Users
Programming Languages
References
Part I:
The Prehistory of C++
1.1 Simula and Distributed Systems
1.2 C and Systems Programming
1.3 General Background
vi
Contents
C with Classes
2.1 The Birth of C with Classes
2.2 Feature overview
2.3 Classes
2.4 Run-Time Efficiency
2.5 The Linkage Model
2.6 Static Type Checking .
2.7 Why C?
2.8 Syntax Problems
2.9 Derived Classes
2.10 The Protection Model
2.11 Run-Time Guarantees
2.12 Minor Features
2.13 Features Considered, but not Provided
2.14 Work Environment
The Birth of C++
3.1 From C with Classes to C++
3.2 Aims
3.3 Cfront
3.4 Language Features
3.5 Virtual Functions
3.6 Overloading
3.7 References
3.8 Constants
3.9 Memory Management
3.10 Type Checking
3.11 Minor Features
3.12 Relationship to Classic C
3.13 Tools for Language Design
3.14 The C++ Programming Language (1st edition)
3.15 The Whatis? Paper
C++ Language Design Rules
4.1 Rules and Principles
4.2 General Rules
4.3 Design Support Rules
4.4 Language-Technical Rules
4.5 Low-Level Programming Support Rules
4.6 A Final Word
27
27
29
30
32
34
40
43
45
49
53
56
58
59
60
63
63
65
66
71
72
78
85
89
91
92
93
100
103
105
106
109
109
110
114
117
120
122
Contents
vii
Chronology 1985-1993
5.1 Introduction.................................................................................
5.2 Release 2.0
5.3 The Annotated Reference Manual
5.4 ANSI and ISO Standardization
Standardization
6.1 What is a Standard?
6.2 How does the Committee Operate?
6.3 Clarifications
6.4 Extensions
6.5 Examples of Proposed Extensions
Interest and Use
7.1 The Explosion in Interest and Use
7.2 Teaching and Learning C++
7.3 Users and Applications
7.4 Commercial Competition
Libraries
8.1 Introduction.................................................................................
8.2 C++ Library Design
8.3 Early Libraries
8.4 Other Libraries
8.5 A Standard Library
Looking Ahead
9.1 Introduction..........................................................................
9.2 Retrospective
9.3 Only a Bridge?
9.4 What Will Make C++ Much More Effective?
123
123
124
126
128
133
133
136
138
147
153
163
163
168
173
175
181
181
182
184
191
194
195
195
195
200
205
相关推荐
uCOS-III的任务调度算法研究.pdf
STM32F103x8B_DS_CH_V10(7STM32中文数据手册).pdf
FX2N系列PLC培训教程.pdf
Modbus协议资料.pdf
WM8978中文资料(芯片资料).doc
5-1.【Codelab】HarmonyOS基于图像模块实现图库图片的四种常见操作.pdf
GX Developer 编程软件使用说明.pdf
MR-E伺服与FX3G接线图.pdf
ATK-NEO-6M GPS模块常见问题汇总_201400721.pdf
STM32F407ZGT6(芯片资料).pdf
FM1715编程指南.pdf
Profibus教程－7.PROFIBUS-FMS.pdf
